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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which cranial nerve supplies the cutaneous innervation of the face and what are its divisions?
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Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Opthalmic Division (V1) Maxillary Division (V2) Mandibular Division (V3) |
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Which is the main nerve of the Opthalmic Division (V1)?
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Supraorbital n.
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Which is the main nerve of the Maxillary Division (V2)?
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Infraorbital n.
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Which is the main nerve of the Mandibular Division (V3)?
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Mental n.
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What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?
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sensory disorder of the sensory root of CN V, characterized by paroxysm.
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Define paroxysm.
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Excruciating, sharp jabs of pain.
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For Trigeminal Neuralgia, which division of CN V is affect most? Least?
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Maxillary div>mandibular div>opthalmic div.
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What is thought to be the cause of Trigeminal Neuralgia?
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An blood vessel may compress the sensory root of CN V.
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What are the V1 Sensory Branches from lateral to medial?
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Lacrimal n. supraorbital n., supratrochlear n. infratrochlear n. external nasal n.
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Which of the CN V divisions is both motor and sensory (as opposed to just sensory)?
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V3 (mandibular division)
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What are the branches of the V2 (maxillary division)?
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infraorbital n., zygomaticofacial n., and zygomaticotemporal n.
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What are the branches of the V3 (mandibular division)?
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mental n., buccal n., auriculotemporal n.
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What is unique about the V3 division?
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It is both motor and sensory
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Name the nerves of the cutaneous innervation of the scalp from front to back
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supraorbital n. (V1), zygomaticotemporal n. (V2), auriculotemporal n. (V3), lesser occipital n. (ventral rami of C2, C3), and greater occipital n. (dorsal ramus C2)
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What are the four cutaneous nerves of the cervical plexus?
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lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular nerves
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In which area are the four cutaneous nerves found?
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The roof (investing fascia) of the posterior triangle.
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The cervical plexus is a somatic nerve plexus which is formed by which nerves?
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C1-C4 ventral rami nerves
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What are the components of the cervical plexus?
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cutaneous branches, motor branches to preventebral muscles, ansa cervicalis, phrenic n., and contributions to the accessory n.
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Which nerve of the cervical plexus has no cutaneous branch to the head or neck?
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C1
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Muscles of facial expression are innervated by which nerves?
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Motor branches of the facial n. (CN VII)
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Describe general features of the muscles of facial expression?
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-move skin to change facial expression
-convey mood -attach to bone or fascia and skin |
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Name the aponeurosis which connects the frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis.
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galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis)
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What are the functions of occipitofrontalis?
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Frontal belly: wrinkes forehead; raises eyebrows
Occipital belly: draws scalp backwards |
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What are the two parts of orbicularis oculi?
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The palpebral part and orbital part
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What is the function of orbicularis oculi?
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closes eyelids
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What is the function of corrugator supercilii?
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draws eyebrows medially and downwards
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What are the facial expression muscles of the superior and orbital group?
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occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilii
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What are the facial expression muscles of the nasal group?
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nasalis and procerus
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What is the function of nasalis?
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compresses nasal aperature and flares nostrils
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What is the function of procerus?
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draws down medial angle of eyebrows creating transverse wrinkles over bridge of the nose
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What are eight facial expression muscles of the oral group?
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zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major, risorius, orbicularis oris, mentalis, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, buccinator
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What is the function of zygomaticus major?
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draws corner of mouth upward and lateral (smiling)
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What is the function of zygomaticus minor?
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draws upper lip upward
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What is the function of risorius?
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retracts corner of mouth
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What is the function of orbicularis oris?
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closes and protrudes lips
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What is the function of mentalis?
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raises and protrudes lower lip as it wrinkles skin of chin
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What is the function of depressor labii inferioris?
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draws lower lip downward and laterally
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What is the function of depressor anguli oris?
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draws corner of mouth downward and laterally
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What is the function of buccinator?
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presses cheek against teeth...helps keep food between occlusal surfaces of teeth
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What are the two auricular muscles?
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superior and posterior auricular muscles
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What is the function of platysma?
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depresses lower jaw; tenses skin of neck
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The facial nerve is which cranial nerve?
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VII
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Cranial nerve VII a.k.a.?
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Facial nerve
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Cranial nerve V a.k.a.?
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Trigeminal n.
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Facial nerve exits skull through which foramen?
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stylomastoid foramen
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Describe the path of the facial nerve
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exits cranium through stylomastoid foramen, enters parotid gland, and divides into five branchial motor branches which innervate the muscles of facial expression
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The facial nerve is composed of what kind of nerve fibers?
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branchial motor, SA, special sensory, VE para/pre, and VA
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What are the five main groups of the branches of the facial nerve?
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temporal brs, zygomatic brs, buccal brs, mandibular brs, and cervical brs.
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Describe Bell's palsy
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-most common nontraumatic cause of facial palsy
-may be caused by inflammation of facial nerve near stylomastoid foramen, producing edema and results in nerve compression |
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-most common nontraumatic cause of facial palsy
-may be caused by inflammation of facial nerve near stylomastoid foramen, producing edema and results in nerve compression |
Bell's palsy
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Special Sense (SS) nerves provide sensory innervation of what?
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5 senses: taste, smell, hearing, balance, vision
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Special viscera afferent (SVA)
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taste and smell
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Special somatic afferent (SSA)
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vision, hearing and balance
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define branchial motor nerves
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motor fibers to muscles of head and neck which develop from branchial arches
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Which fibers provide sensory to the skin of the head and neck?
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SA fibers
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Which fibers provide sensory to the special senses?
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SS fibers
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Which fibers provide sensory to facial muscles?
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branchial motor fibers
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Branchial motor fibers innervate which groups of muscles?
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Muscles of:
-facial expression -mastication -palate -pharynx -larynx |
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When, during development, do branchial arches develop
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weeks 4-5
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How many pairs of branchial arches are there?
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5
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Where do the branchial arches develop?
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neck/pharynx region
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What are four components developing within each branchial arch?
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1) component of aortic arch
2) cartilage 3) a cranial nerve 4) muscles |
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What are branchial arch numbers superiorly to inferiorly
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1,2,3,4,6
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Which branchial arch appears only briefly in humans, only to disappear?
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Branchial arch 5.
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What is the general trend between the muscles and the nerves in each branchial arch?
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The nerve of the branchial arch will innervate the muscles developed from that arch
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Branchial arch 1 gives rise to which cranial nerve?
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CN V--the Trigeminal Nerve
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Branchial arch 1 gives rise to which muscles?
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Muscles of mastification, anterior belly of digastric m, mylohyoid, tensor villi palatini, and tenosr tympani muscles.
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Branchial arch 1 has what skeletal contributions?
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maxilla, mandible, malleus, incus, Meckel's cartilage
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Branchial arch 2 has what skeletal contributions?
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Styloid process and part of hyoid bone (lesser horn, superior body), Reichert's Cartilage
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Branchial arch 3 has what skeletal contributions?
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Part of hyoid bone (greater horn, inferior body)
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Branchial arch 4 has what skeletal contributions?
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Thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage
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Branchial arch 6 has what skeletal contributions?
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Cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilage
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1st pharyngeal arch aka?
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mandibular arch
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2nd pharyngeal arch aka?
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hyoid arch
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Muscular contributions of Branchial Arch 2?
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Muscles of facial expression, buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric
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Muscular contributions of Branchial Arch 3?
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Stylopharyngeus m.
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Muscular contributions of Branchial Arch 4?
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Cricothyroid muscle, all intrinsic muscles of soft palate including levator veli palatini
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Muscular contributions of Branchial Arch 6?
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All intrinsic muscles of larynx except the cricothyroid muscle
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Nerve associated with Branchial Arch 1
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Trigeminal n. (V2 and V3) (CN V)
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Nerve associated with Branchial Arch 2
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Facial n. (CN VII)
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Nerve associated with Branchial Arch 3
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Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
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Nerves associated with Branchial Arch 4
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Vagus nerve (X)
Superior laryngeal nerve |
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Nerves associated with Branchial Arch 6
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Vagus nerve (X)
Recurrent laryngeal nerve[5] |
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Artery associated with Branchial Arch 1
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Maxillary artery
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Artery associated with Branchial Arch 2
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Stapedial Artery
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Artery associated with Branchial Arch 3
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Common carotid/Internal carotid
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Arteries associated with Branchial Arch 4
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Right 4th aortic arch: subclavian artery
Left 4th aortic arch: aortic arch |
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Arteries associated with Branchial Arch 6
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Right 6th aortic arch: pulmonary artery
Left 6th aortic arch: Pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus |
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Which branchial arch gives rise to the thymus?
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Branchial Arch 3
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Most arteries of the face are branches of which major artery?
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External carotid a.
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Vascular supply to the face includes what?
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-facial a., its branches (superior and inferior labial as.)
-superficial temporal a. and its branch (transverse facial a.) -supraorbital a. (from ophthalmic a.) -infraorbital a. (from maxillary a.) -mental a. (from inferior alveolar a.) |
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branches of the facial a.?
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superior and inferior labial as.
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branch of superficial temporal a.?
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transverse facial a.
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supraorbital a. is from which a.?
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opthalmic a.
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infraorbital a. is from which a.?
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maxillary a.
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mental a. is from which a.?
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inferior alveolar a.
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Which two main arteries supply the head?
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common carotid and vertebral as.
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Where does the internal carotid a. supply?
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internal aspect of the skull
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External aspect of the skull supplied by which a.?
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External carotid a.
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Branches of the external carotid artery
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-ascending pharyngeal a.
-superior thyroid a. -lingual a. -facial a. -occipital a. -maxillary a. -superficial temporal a. |
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External carotid a. terminates by forming which two branches?
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maxillary and superficial temporal as.
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After facial artery gives off superior and inferior labial as., it terminates as what?
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angular a. (at angle of nose and eye)
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relation of transverse facial a. to parotid duct?
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transverse facial artery is just superior to the parotid duct
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Where does the maxillary a. originate in relation to the mandible
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at neck of mandible
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What is the path of the maxillary a.?
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passes deep to the neck of the mandible to enter the infratemporal fossa
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Relationship of the occipital a.?
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hooks around the hypoglossal n. (CN XII) and courses posteriorly to the back of the skull
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Relationship of superficial temporal artery
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travels superiorly, anterior to the ear.
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Relationship of facial a.
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courses over the body of the mandible and then diagonally across the face
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Relationship of external and internal carotid as.
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external carotid a. is anterior to the internal carotid a.
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Supraorbital a. from what main artery?
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Internal carotid a.
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Blood supply to the scalp
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branches of the internal carotid a. anastomose with branches of the external carotid a.
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Veins of the face
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internal jugular, external jugular, retromandibular, superficial temporal, maxillary, facial, superior labial, inferior labial vs.
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What can infections on the face easily spread into the cranial cavity?
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Because the facial v. deep facial v., superior and inferior ophthalmic vs, and pterygoid venous plexus are interconnected and drain into the cavernous sinus inside the cranium.
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Main source of venous drainage of superficial face?
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facial v.
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Internal jugular vein drains where?
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subclavian v. to form the brachiocephalic v.
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Describe the path of the internal jugular vein begin?
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begins at the jugular foramen as it connects with the sigmoid sinus, travels in carotid shealth down neck, combines with the subclavian v. to form the brachiocephalic v.
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internal jugular vein drains blood from where?
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brain, superficial face, and neck
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Tributaries of internal jugular vein?
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common facial v., lingual v., superior and middle thyroid vs, pharyngeal v.
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external jugular vein drains blood from where?
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scalp, superficial and deep face
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Describe the path of the external jugular vein
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travels with parotid gland, crosses SCM superficially, and drains into subclavian v.
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Tributaries of facial v.
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supraorbital v, supratrochlear v, angular v., external nasal v., deep facial v., superior and inferior labial vs., submental and submandibular vs.
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what connects the facial v to the pterygoid venous plexus
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deep facial v.
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how is the facial vein connected to cavernous sinus?
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deep facial--> pterygoid venous plexus-->cavernous sinus
ALSO CONNECTED THROUGH superior and inferior ophthalmic vs-->cavernous sinus |
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which vein drains the pterygoid venous plexus?
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maxillary vein
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retromandubular vein formed within parotid gland by union of what two veins?
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maxillary and superficial temporal vs.
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Path of retromandibular vein
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anterior division-->facial v.-->internal jugular v.
posterior division--> external jugular vein |
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dangerous triangle of the face
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infections in this area may be carried into the cranium (from facial vein-->cavernous sinus
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Scalp borders
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superior nuchal line to supraorbital margin to zygomatic arches
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5 layers of the scalp
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Skin
Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurosis Loose CT Periosteum |
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Scalp: skin contains:
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hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, vascularization and lymph drainage
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Scalp: dense connective tissue attribute
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highly vascularized
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Which layer of the scalp allows for movement of the scalp proper?
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Loose areolar (connective) tissue
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Which layers of the scalp are fused?
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skin, dense connective tissue, aponeurosis.
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Which layer in scalp is a dangerous area for spread of infection and how?
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emissary veins from loose connective tissue pass through the calvaria (skull cap) and drain into intra-cranial venous sinuses.
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relationship of parotid gland to mandible?
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lateral and partially posterior to ramus of mandible
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parotid duct aka?
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Stensen's duct
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What is the path of the parotid (Stensen's) duct?
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From parotid gland, crosses masseter, pierces buccinator, empties in oral cavity opposite teeth # 2 and 15
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Parotid gland innervated by what fibers?
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VE para/post (from otic ganglion) that hitchhike on auriculotemportal n. (SA) (V3).
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What is found coursing within the parotid gland?
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facial n. motor branches
retromandibular v. external carotid a. parotid lymph nodes |
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parotid shealth
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surrounds parotid gland and is continuous with investing fascia of neck.
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viral infection that causes inflammation and swelling of parotid gland...may be confused with a toothache
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mumps
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mumps
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viral infection that causes inflammation and swelling of parotid gland...may be confused with a toothache
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motor branches of facial nerve passing through middle of parotid gland aka?
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parotid plexus of the facial nerve
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salivary gland tumors
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80% occur in parotid gland. during surgery, motor branches of CN VII must be carefully identified and preserved to avoid facial paralysis.
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lymph from head and neck drains into 3 groups of lymph nodes:
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1. pericervical collar nodes
2. superficial cervical nodes 3. deep cervical nodes |
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From deep cervical nodes, lymph drains where?
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left side of thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
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pericervical collar nodes include
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parotid, buccal, submental, submandibular, occipital, and mastoid groups of nodes
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squamous cell carcinoma of the lip
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usually lower lip
overexposure to sun and/or smoking. cancer cells spread to submental and submandibular lymph nodes |
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how can you distinguish mumps from a toothache
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redness of parotid papilla means its mumps
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superficial cervical nodes include:
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external and anterior jugular nodes
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deep cervical nodes surround:
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internal jugular vein
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path of lymph flow from face
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pericervical collar nodes and superficial cervical nodes-->deep cervical nodes-->thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct-->junction of internal jugular v. and subclavian v.
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general patterns of lymph flow from head:
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superior to inferior, and
superficial to deep |
