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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Describe 3 anatomical cuts
Medial - splits the body in left and right halfs down the midline
Sagittal- parallel to the medial but not in the midline
Coronal- perpendicular to medial- front and back
Transverse -- top and botton -cross sections
Name the layers of the skin
epidermis and dermis (superficial fascia is not part of the skin)
What are the derivaties of the epidermis? - where are they found?
sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails -- it appears they are found in the dermis and superficial fascia but the epidermis dips down to that layer
Where does sensory nerves terminate?
In the epidermis'd deepest layer
What is present in the dermis layer?
prominent blood vessels and nerves
What embryonic germ layer forms the superficial fascia?
The mesoderm
Name the 3 types of superficial fascia.
1. Superficial
2. Subserous
3. Deep (investing) fascia
Fascial Plane-
2 fascia layers in contact that allows the two layers to slide against each other -- usually between the superfical fascia and deep
What type of tissue is fascia?
Connective tissue
What are the 2 layers of the superficial fascia from superfical to deep?
1. fatty layer -
2. membranous layer
Which layer of the superficial fascia acts as the foundation
the membranous layer acts as a foundation for the fatty layer
What tissue usually wraps around the muscle fibers that perform the same task?
the deep investing fascia
What is the benefit of a fascial plane? where do they not occur?
benefit - allows the skin and tendons to slide against each other
not on the palms and soles of feet so we can grip and walk
Where is the subserous fascia found? what is its purpose
thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities --acts as a supporting tissue for serous membranes that protect visceral organs
Name the 3 different types of joints in order of increasing stability and give examples of where each occurs
Diarthrosis,-knee -synovial
cartilagenoous,--IV disks
synarthrosis - brain sutures
What 8 features are found in a diathrosis joint and the purpose of each
1. joint capsule --dense CT -adds stability
2. synovial membrane- produces synovial fluid to reduce friction
3. synovial fluid -- reduce friction
4. articular cartilage - adds cushion to the bones
5. collateral ligaments - further stabilize and guides the joint on the OUTSIDE of the joint capsule
6. intra-articular ligaments- stabilty and guide
7. blood vessels - blood supply from any artery that passes by the joint
8. nerves
What part of the joint does not receive any blood supply?
articular cartilage
Where does the Zygapophyseal joint occur?
between the inferior articular process and superior articular process of the vertebra
What way does the nucleus pulposus go during an herniation? Where do they most commonly occur?
lateral and posterior - between the gap of the anterior longitudial ligament and posterior and in the lumbar region due to the shrinking posterior longitudinal ligament
What is the names of the anterior longitudinal ligament in other regions?
1. Anterior atlantoaxial between C1 and C2

2. anterior atlantooccipial ligament between C1 and occipital bone
What movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent? posterior?
anterior =prevents extension
posterior =prevents flexion
What is posterior longitudinal ligament renamed?
Beginning at C2 it is renamed the tectorial ligament
What is the ligamentum flavum renamed?
the posterior atlantooccupital ligament and posterior atlatoaxial ligament
What is the supraspinous ligament renamed0?
ligamentum nuchae in the cervical regions -
Name the 3 layers of superficial back muscles and their association..
1. latissimus dorsi and trapezius - upper limb
2. rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae-upper limb
3. seratus posterior superior and inferior -- ?? maybe respiration, holding epaxial muscles in place
What are the superficial back muscles innervated by?
ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
Explain the action of paradox.
Expaxial muscles play a role in controlling flexion of the trunk by their controlled gradual relaxation during flexion by anterior muscles
What are the expaxial muscles innervated by?
dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
What movements are the epaxial muscles responsible for
extension of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction) or lateral flexion (unilateral contraction) also assist in flexion and rotation of vertebral column
Name the 5 groups of muscles that make up the epaxial muscles?
1. erector spinae
2. splenius
3.transversospinal
4.suboccipital
5. interspinal-intertransverse
What are the 3 divisions of the iliocostalis?
1. iliocostalis lumborum
2. iliocostalis thoracis
3. ilocostalis cervicis
What are the 3 divisions of the longissimus?
1. longissius thoracis
2. longissium cervicis
3. longissium capitis
What muscles are apart of the spinotransverse group?
Splenuis cervicis and splenuis capitus
What is the action of the spinotransverse group?
1. bilateral contraction - extends the head
2. unilateral contraction - head rotated ipsilateral
What muscles make up the transverospinal group?
1. semispinalis capitis and cervicis
2. multifidus
3. rotatoes
What muscles make up the suboccipital muscles?
1. obliquus capitis superior
2. obliquus capitis inferior
3. rectus capitis posterior major
4. rectus capitis posterior minor
What artery is located in the suboccipital triangle? and what does it supply?
the vertebral artery -- supplies brain and spinal cord
What muscles form the interspinal-intertransverse group?
interspinal muscle and intertransverse
Iiliocostalis lumborum
proximal -sacrum, iliac crest

distal - inferior 6 ribs
iliocostalis thoracis
P- inferior 6 ribs

D - superior 6 ribs
iliocostalis cervicis -
P - Superior 6 ribs

D- transverse process of veretebra C4-6
longissimus thoracis -
P- Sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar trans. process

D- Transverse Process of all thoracic vertebra
Longissimus cervicis-
P- transverse processes of superior 6 thoracic vertebra

D- Transverse processes of vertebrae of C2-6
Longissimus capitis-
P- Transverse process of superior 6 thoracic vertebra

D- Mastoid process
Spinalis-
P - inferior spinous processes

D- superior spinous processes
Splenius Capitis--

Splenius Cervicis --
Splenius Capitis-- P - C4- T2 vertebral spines D - Mastoid process

Splenius Cervicis -- P- T3-T6- vertebral spines
D- Transverse Process of vertebra C1-4
Semispinalis Cervicis--

Semispinalis Capitis
Semispinalis Cervicis--
P-- TP of T2-6
D-SP of C2-5

Semispinalis Capitis
P-TP of C7-T1
D- Superior nuchal line
Multifidus-
P- TP of most vertebra
D- SP of most vertebra 3-5 levels above
Rotators -
P - TP of most vertebra
D- SP of most vertebra 1-2 more superior
Obliquus Capitis Inferior

Obliquus Capitis Superior
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
P- SP of C2
D- TP of C1

Obliquus Capitis Superior

P- TP of C1
D- lateral side of inferior nuchal line
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major

P- SP of C2
D- Inferior nuchal line

Rectus Capitis Posterior
Minor

P-SP of C1
D - inferior nuchal line
Where can the greater occipital nerve be found?
It goes through the splenius capitis
Name a defining characteristic of each type of vertebra.
1. Cervical - bifid spinous process and transverse foramen

2. Thoracic - facets for ribs
3. lumbar- no facets, rectangle spinous process
What are the primary and secondary curves of the back?
Primary - thoracic and sacral
Secondary - Cervical and lumbar
Kyphosis
a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture
Lordosis-
abnormal extension of the back
Scoliosis-
Curving of the spine away from the midline