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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe 3 anatomical cuts
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Medial - splits the body in left and right halfs down the midline
Sagittal- parallel to the medial but not in the midline Coronal- perpendicular to medial- front and back Transverse -- top and botton -cross sections |
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Name the layers of the skin
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epidermis and dermis (superficial fascia is not part of the skin)
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What are the derivaties of the epidermis? - where are they found?
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sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, nails -- it appears they are found in the dermis and superficial fascia but the epidermis dips down to that layer
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Where does sensory nerves terminate?
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In the epidermis'd deepest layer
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What is present in the dermis layer?
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prominent blood vessels and nerves
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What embryonic germ layer forms the superficial fascia?
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The mesoderm
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Name the 3 types of superficial fascia.
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1. Superficial
2. Subserous 3. Deep (investing) fascia |
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Fascial Plane-
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2 fascia layers in contact that allows the two layers to slide against each other -- usually between the superfical fascia and deep
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What type of tissue is fascia?
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Connective tissue
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What are the 2 layers of the superficial fascia from superfical to deep?
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1. fatty layer -
2. membranous layer |
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Which layer of the superficial fascia acts as the foundation
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the membranous layer acts as a foundation for the fatty layer
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What tissue usually wraps around the muscle fibers that perform the same task?
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the deep investing fascia
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What is the benefit of a fascial plane? where do they not occur?
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benefit - allows the skin and tendons to slide against each other
not on the palms and soles of feet so we can grip and walk |
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Where is the subserous fascia found? what is its purpose
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thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities --acts as a supporting tissue for serous membranes that protect visceral organs
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Name the 3 different types of joints in order of increasing stability and give examples of where each occurs
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Diarthrosis,-knee -synovial
cartilagenoous,--IV disks synarthrosis - brain sutures |
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What 8 features are found in a diathrosis joint and the purpose of each
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1. joint capsule --dense CT -adds stability
2. synovial membrane- produces synovial fluid to reduce friction 3. synovial fluid -- reduce friction 4. articular cartilage - adds cushion to the bones 5. collateral ligaments - further stabilize and guides the joint on the OUTSIDE of the joint capsule 6. intra-articular ligaments- stabilty and guide 7. blood vessels - blood supply from any artery that passes by the joint 8. nerves |
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What part of the joint does not receive any blood supply?
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articular cartilage
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Where does the Zygapophyseal joint occur?
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between the inferior articular process and superior articular process of the vertebra
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What way does the nucleus pulposus go during an herniation? Where do they most commonly occur?
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lateral and posterior - between the gap of the anterior longitudial ligament and posterior and in the lumbar region due to the shrinking posterior longitudinal ligament
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What is the names of the anterior longitudinal ligament in other regions?
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1. Anterior atlantoaxial between C1 and C2
2. anterior atlantooccipial ligament between C1 and occipital bone |
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What movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent? posterior?
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anterior =prevents extension
posterior =prevents flexion |
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What is posterior longitudinal ligament renamed?
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Beginning at C2 it is renamed the tectorial ligament
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What is the ligamentum flavum renamed?
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the posterior atlantooccupital ligament and posterior atlatoaxial ligament
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What is the supraspinous ligament renamed0?
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ligamentum nuchae in the cervical regions -
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Name the 3 layers of superficial back muscles and their association..
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1. latissimus dorsi and trapezius - upper limb
2. rhomboid major and minor, levator scapulae-upper limb 3. seratus posterior superior and inferior -- ?? maybe respiration, holding epaxial muscles in place |
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What are the superficial back muscles innervated by?
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ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
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Explain the action of paradox.
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Expaxial muscles play a role in controlling flexion of the trunk by their controlled gradual relaxation during flexion by anterior muscles
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What are the expaxial muscles innervated by?
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dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves
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What movements are the epaxial muscles responsible for
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extension of the vertebral column (bilateral contraction) or lateral flexion (unilateral contraction) also assist in flexion and rotation of vertebral column
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Name the 5 groups of muscles that make up the epaxial muscles?
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1. erector spinae
2. splenius 3.transversospinal 4.suboccipital 5. interspinal-intertransverse |
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What are the 3 divisions of the iliocostalis?
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1. iliocostalis lumborum
2. iliocostalis thoracis 3. ilocostalis cervicis |
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What are the 3 divisions of the longissimus?
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1. longissius thoracis
2. longissium cervicis 3. longissium capitis |
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What muscles are apart of the spinotransverse group?
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Splenuis cervicis and splenuis capitus
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What is the action of the spinotransverse group?
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1. bilateral contraction - extends the head
2. unilateral contraction - head rotated ipsilateral |
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What muscles make up the transverospinal group?
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1. semispinalis capitis and cervicis
2. multifidus 3. rotatoes |
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What muscles make up the suboccipital muscles?
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1. obliquus capitis superior
2. obliquus capitis inferior 3. rectus capitis posterior major 4. rectus capitis posterior minor |
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What artery is located in the suboccipital triangle? and what does it supply?
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the vertebral artery -- supplies brain and spinal cord
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What muscles form the interspinal-intertransverse group?
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interspinal muscle and intertransverse
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Iiliocostalis lumborum
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proximal -sacrum, iliac crest
distal - inferior 6 ribs |
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iliocostalis thoracis
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P- inferior 6 ribs
D - superior 6 ribs |
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iliocostalis cervicis -
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P - Superior 6 ribs
D- transverse process of veretebra C4-6 |
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longissimus thoracis -
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P- Sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar trans. process
D- Transverse Process of all thoracic vertebra |
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Longissimus cervicis-
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P- transverse processes of superior 6 thoracic vertebra
D- Transverse processes of vertebrae of C2-6 |
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Longissimus capitis-
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P- Transverse process of superior 6 thoracic vertebra
D- Mastoid process |
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Spinalis-
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P - inferior spinous processes
D- superior spinous processes |
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Splenius Capitis--
Splenius Cervicis -- |
Splenius Capitis-- P - C4- T2 vertebral spines D - Mastoid process
Splenius Cervicis -- P- T3-T6- vertebral spines D- Transverse Process of vertebra C1-4 |
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Semispinalis Cervicis--
Semispinalis Capitis |
Semispinalis Cervicis--
P-- TP of T2-6 D-SP of C2-5 Semispinalis Capitis P-TP of C7-T1 D- Superior nuchal line |
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Multifidus-
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P- TP of most vertebra
D- SP of most vertebra 3-5 levels above |
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Rotators -
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P - TP of most vertebra
D- SP of most vertebra 1-2 more superior |
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Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Obliquus Capitis Superior |
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
P- SP of C2 D- TP of C1 Obliquus Capitis Superior P- TP of C1 D- lateral side of inferior nuchal line |
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Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor |
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
P- SP of C2 D- Inferior nuchal line Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor P-SP of C1 D - inferior nuchal line |
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Where can the greater occipital nerve be found?
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It goes through the splenius capitis
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Name a defining characteristic of each type of vertebra.
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1. Cervical - bifid spinous process and transverse foramen
2. Thoracic - facets for ribs 3. lumbar- no facets, rectangle spinous process |
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What are the primary and secondary curves of the back?
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Primary - thoracic and sacral
Secondary - Cervical and lumbar |
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Kyphosis
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a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture
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Lordosis-
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abnormal extension of the back
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Scoliosis-
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Curving of the spine away from the midline
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