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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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70 percent of all sensory receptors are here
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the eyes
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A cushion of this surrounds most of the eye
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fat
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Eyelids meet at the medial and lateral ______
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commissure (canthus)
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Glands that produce an oily secretion that lubricates the eye
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Tarsal glands
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Glands located between the eyelashes
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Ciliary glands
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Membrane that lines the eyelids
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Conjunctiva
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Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye and keep it moist
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Conjunctiva
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Components of lacrimal apparatus
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lacrimal gland + ducts
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Produces lacrimal fluid; situated on lateral aspect of each eye
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Lacrimal gland
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Drain lacrimal fluid from eyes medially
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Lacrimal canaliculi
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Provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal cavity
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Lacrimal sac
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Empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity
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Nasolacrimal duct
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Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye
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Lacrimal apparatus
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Lacrimal apparatus empties into
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nasal cavity
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Contains dilute salt solution, mucus, antibodies, lysozyme
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Lacrimal secretions (tears)
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How many muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye?
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Six
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Name the muscle: Moves eye laterally
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Lateral rectus
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Name the muscle: Moves eye medially
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Medial rectus
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Name the muscle: Elevates eye and turns it medially
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Superior rectus
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Name the muscle: Depresses eye and turns it medially
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Inferior rectus
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Name the muscle: Elevates eye and turns it laterally
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Inferior oblique
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Name the muscle: Depresses eye and turns it laterally
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Superior oblique
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Name the nerve: controls lateral rectus
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abducens (VI)
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Name the nerve: controls medial rectus
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oculomotor (III)
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Name the nerve: controls superior rectus
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oculomotor (III)
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Name the nerve: controls inferior rectus
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oculomotor (III)
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Name the nerve: controls inferior oblique
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oculomotor (III)
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Name the nerve: controls superior oblique
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trochlear (IV)
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Inside, middle, or outside layer of eyeball: Fibrous layer
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Outside
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Inside, middle, or outside layer of eyeball: Vascular layer
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Middle
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Inside, middle, or outside layer of eyeball: Sensory layer
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Inside
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Developing blindness due to increased eye pressure
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Glaucoma
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Glaucomal pressure builds up because vitreous humour cant drain into what?
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Canal of Schlemm
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White connective tissue layer seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
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Sclera
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Transparent, central anterior portion of eye; allows for light to pass through and repairs itself easily
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Cornea
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The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection
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Cornea
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blood-rich nutritive layer in the posterior of the eye
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Choriod
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Pigment in eye prevents ____ ____ _______
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light from scattering
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two anterior structures of choroid
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ciliary body and iris
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smooth muscle attached to lens
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Ciliary body
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regulates amount of light entering eye
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Iris
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rounded opening in the iris
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pupil
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contains an outer pigmented layer and an inner neural layer
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retina
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Contains receptor cells (photoreceptors)
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Retina
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Allow for detailed colour vision
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Cones
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Allow dim light vison and peripheral vision
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Rods
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Signals pass from photoreceptors via a chain of these two neurons
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Bipolar neurons and ganglion cells
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Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the ____ ____
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optic nerve
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blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball
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optic disc
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Most rods are found towards here
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the edges of the retina
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Cones are densest here
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center of the retina
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area of greatest visual acuity located lateral to blind spot
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Fovea centralis
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Area of the retina with only cones
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Fovea centralis
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This many types of cones
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Three
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Transparent crystal-like structure held in place by a suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body
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Lens
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result when the lens becomes hard and opaque with age
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cataracts
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Diabetes mellitus, frequent exposure to intense sunlight and heavy smoking are risk factors for what sensory problem
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Cataracts
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Anterior segment of eye contains this
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aqueous humor
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Posterior segment of eye contains this
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vitreous humor
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Watery fluid found between lens and cornea
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Aqueous humor
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Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
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Aqueous humor
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Reabsorbs aqueous humor into venous blood
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scleral venous sinus, or canal of Schlemm
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Gel-like substance posterior to the lens
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Vitreous humor
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Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball (fundus) by dilating the pupils
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Ophthalmoscope
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Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina
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Ophthalmoscope
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The eye is set for vision this distance away
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20 feet
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The lens changing shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)
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Accommodation
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These images are inverted from left to right, upside down, smaller than the object
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Real images
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Location where the optic nerves cross
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Optic chiasma
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Fibers from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain here
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Optic chiasma
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Contain fibers from the lateral side of the eye on the same side and the medial side of the opposite eye
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Optic tracts
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Internal muscles of eye are controlled by?
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the autonomic nervous system
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causes pupils to constrict through action of radial, circular, and ciliary muscles
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Bright light
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Viewing close objects causes this (eyes moving medially)
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convergence
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Condition when eye focuses images correctly on the retina
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Emmetropia
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Condition where distant objects appear blurry
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Myopia (nearsighted)
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In myopia, light from distant objects is focused _______ the retina
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in front of the retina
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Results from an eyeball that is too long
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Myopia
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Condition where near objects are blurry while distant objects are clear
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Hyperopia
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Condition where distant objects are focused behind the retina
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Hyperopia
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Results from an eyeball that is too short or from a “lazy lens”
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Hyperopia
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Condition where images are blurry
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Astigmatism
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Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens
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Astigmatism
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inhibited rod function that hinders the ability to see at night
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Night blindness
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can cause blindness due to increasing pressure within the eye
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Glaucoma
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“crossed eyes” results from unequal pulls by the external eye muscles in babies
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Strabismus
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conjunctivitis resulting from mother having gonorrhea; baby’s eyelids are swollen and pus is produced
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Ophthalmia neonatorium
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“old vision” that results from decreasing lens elasticity that accompanies aging
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Presbyopia
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The ear houses these two senses.
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Hearing and equilibrium (balance)
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These types of receptors respond to physical forces (sound vibrations, movements)
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Mechanoreceptors
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Middle ear is also known as
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tympanic cavity
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Inner ear is also known as
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bony labyrinth
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shell shaped structure of the external ear
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Auricle (pinna)
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auditory canal is also known as
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External acoustic meatus
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Narrow chamber in the temporal bone lined with skin and ceruminous (wax) glands
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External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
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This chamber ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
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External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
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Air-filled cavity within the temporal bone
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The Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)
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These sections of ear are only involved in the sense of hearing
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Outer and middle ear
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The opening from the auditory canal is covered by...
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the tympanic membrane
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The auditory tube connects the middle ear with...
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the throat
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Allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or swallowing, but is otherwise collapsed
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The auditory tube
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Bones of the Middle Ear
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malleus, incus, stapes
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"the hammer"
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malleus
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"the anvil"
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incus
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"the stirrup"
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stapes
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Vibrations from this move the hammer, anvil, stirrup
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Eardrum (tympanic membrane)
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Inner Ear is also called this
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Bony Labyrinth
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Part of ear that includes sense organs for hearing and balance
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Inner ear
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Part of ear filled with perilymph
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Inner ear
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Inner ear contains a maze of bony chambers within this bone
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Temporal
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snail-like subdivision in inner ear
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cochlea
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part of inner ear responsible for static equilibrium
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vestibule
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part of inner ear responsible for dynamic equilibrium
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semicircular canals
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Equilibrium receptors of the inner ear are called what?
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the vestibular apparatus
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Two functional parts of vestibular apparatus
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Static equilibrium (vestibule), and dynamic equilibrium (semicircular canals)
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Static equilibrium receptors in the vestibule
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Maculae
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Receptors that report on the position of the head
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Maculae
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Maculae send information via the ________ nerve
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vestibular
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Anatomy of the maculae: Hair cells are embedded in the _____ membrane
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Otolithic
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Anatomy of the maculae: _______ float in a gel around the hair cells
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Otoliths (tiny stones)
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Anatomy of the maculae: Movements cause _____ to bend the hair cells
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Otoliths
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These receptors respond to angular or rotary movements
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Dynamic Equilibrium receptors
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Crista ampullaris are located in...
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the ampulla of each semicircular canal dynamic equilibrium receptors are located here! in the semicircular canals
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Tuft of hair cells in semicricular canals are covered with this gelatinous cap
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cupula
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If the head moves, the cupula drags against this
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the endolymph
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cone-shaped structure, covered in receptor cells called "hair cells"
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crista ampullaris
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Action of angular head movements
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Dynamic Equilibrium
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Dynamic Equilibrium: The movement of the ______ stimulates the hair cells
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Cupula
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Dynamic Equilibrium: An impulse is sent via the ________ nerve to the _________
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Vestibular; cerebellum
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Sensitive hearing element of inner ear, located within the cochlea
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Organ of Corti
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Receptors of Organ of Corti
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hair cells on the basilar membrane
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Gel-like membrane within organ of Corti capable of bending hair cells
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tectorial membrane
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_______ nerve attached to hair cells in organ of Corti transmits nerve impulses to _______ cortex on _______ lobe
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Cochlear; auditory; temporal
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Mechanism of Hearing: Vibrations from sound waves move this
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tectorial membrane
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Continued auditory stimulation can lead to this
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adaptation
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___-pitched sounds disturb the short, stiff fibers of the basilar membrane
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High
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Receptor cells close to the oval window are stimulated by ___-pitched sounds
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High
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___-pitched sounds disturb the long, floppy fibers of the basilar membrane
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Low
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Specific hair cells further along the cochlea are affected by ___-pitched sounds
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Low
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Olfactory receptors are in the roof of this
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the nasal cavity
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Do olfactory neurons have long or short cilia?
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Long
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Chemicals must be ______________ for olfactory detection
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Dissolved in mucus
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Smell impulses are transmitted via this nerve
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olfactory
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Interpretation of smells is made here
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the cortex
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Where are taste buds?
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the tongue, soft palate, cheks
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The tongue is covered with these projections
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papillae
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sharp papillae with no taste buds
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Filiform papillae
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rounded papillae with taste buds
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Fungiform papillae
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large papillae with taste buds
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Circumvallate papillae
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Taste buds are found on the ___ of papillae
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sides
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the receptors of taste
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Gustatory cells
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What are gustatory hairs?
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long microvilli
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Gustatory hairs are stimulated by what?
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chemicals dissolved in saliva
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Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by these nerves
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Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
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Sweet receptors respond to these
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sugars, saccharine, some amino acids
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Sour receptors respond to these
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Acids
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Bitter receptors respond to these
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Alkaloids
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Salty receptors respond to these
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Metal ions
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The Special Senses are formed ____ in embryonic development
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early
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Eyes are outgrowths of this organ
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brain
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results when something interferes with the conduction of sound vibrations to the fluids of the inner ear (e.g. build up of earwax)
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Conduction deafness
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occurs when there is degeneration or damage to the receptor cells in the organ of Corti (e.g. extended listening to excessively loud sounds)
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Sensorineural deafness
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Also known as “swimmer’s ear”, this is an inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal
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Otitis externa
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Inflammation of the middle ear. Occurs in the area between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear, including eustachian tube
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Otitis media
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