Anatomy Skeletal System

Front 1

what are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system

Back 1

support, movement, protection, blood formation, electrolyte balance

Front 2

blood formation occurs where in the skeletal system

Back 2

red bone marrow

Front 3

the adult human skeleton consists of how many bones

Back 3

206 (80 axial/126 appendicular)

Front 4

most skeletal muscle arises from what kind of cells

Back 4

mesenchymal cells

Front 5

the process by which red blood cells are created

Back 5

hemopoiesis

Front 6

yellow bone marrow consists mainly of what kind of cells

Back 6

adipose cells (potential energy reserve)

Front 7

4 shapes of bones

Back 7

long, short, sesamoid, irregular, and flat

Front 8

the main portion of the bone is called the

Back 8

diaphysis

Front 9

the _____ is located at the proximal and distal portions of bone

Back 9

epiphysis

Front 10

in btwn the epiphysis and diapysis is the _____ containing the ______

Back 10

metaphysis; epihyseal (growth plate)

Front 11

the epiphyseal plate is made out of

Back 11

layer hyaline cartilage

Front 12

bone growth stops btwn the ages of 18-21 leaving a ____ line behind

Back 12

epiphyseal line

Front 13

articular cartilage is a thin layer of what type of cartilage? it is located btwn

Back 13

hyaline; bone to bone to prevent friction

Front 14

spongy bone is

Back 14

shock absorbing

Front 15

compact bone is

Back 15

weight bearing

Front 16

sharpeys fibers are thick bundles of ______ that extend from the periosteum into the bone extracellular matrix

Back 16

collagen

Front 17

the medullary cavity contains?

Back 17

yellow bone marrow and numerous of blood vessels; the shape produces maximum strength and minimal weight

Front 18

what lines the medullary cavity?

Back 18

endosteum; its a thin membrane

Front 19

the ______ is a tough layer of what type of CT sheath? that is associated with bloody supply that surrounds the surface of the bone

Back 19

periosteum; dense irregular CT

Front 20

2 layers of periosteum

Back 20

outer fibrous; inner osteogenic layer

Front 21

tendons attach what to what ?

Back 21

muscle to bone

Front 22

ligaments attach what to what?

Back 22

bone to bone

Front 23

______form joints or allow the passage of soft tissues

Back 23

depressions and openings

Front 24

______ are projections or outgrowths of bone that help form joints and serve as attachment points for CT

Back 24

processes

Front 25

bone is also called

Back 25

osseous tissue

Front 26

the extracellular matrix of bone is mostly composed of

Back 26

crystalized mineral salts (calcium phosphate)

Front 27

what cancellous bony tissue is between the external and internal layers of the skull?

Back 27

diploe

Front 28

any of the passages admitting nutrient vessels to the medullary cavity of bone is called?

Back 28

nutrient foramina

Front 29

what bone building cell initiates calcification?

Back 29

osteoblasts

Front 30

osteogenic cells are found in (2)?

Back 30

periosteum and central canals

Front 31

name two characteristics of osteoblasts?

Back 31

non mitotic; bone bulders

Front 32

osteocytes are found within what? what do they do? and how co they communicate?

Back 32

lacuane; canaliculi; stain detectors

Front 33

what type of cells are bone dissolving macrophages?

Back 33

osteoclasts

Front 34

osteoclasts are large ____ microns, containign _-__ nuclei?

Back 34

150; 3-4

Front 35

osteclasts secrete what type of ions betwen cell and bone chloride ions?

Back 35

hydrogen

Front 36

what type of lacunae are osteoclasts found in?

Back 36

Howship lacunae (denser wall)

Front 37

the matrix of osseous tissue is 1/3 ___ and 2/3 ___ matter?

Back 37

organic/inorganic

Front 38

compact bone contains:

Back 38

concentric lamellae, central canal (haversion), osteon, and perforating (volkmann) canals.

Front 39

what are circular plates of mineralized extrecellular matrix of increasing diameter?

Back 39

concentric lamellae

Front 40

the lines of stress in bone are/arent static?

Back 40

arent

Front 41

what are fragments of older osteons that have paritialy been destroyed, and lie btwn neighboring osteons?

Back 41

interstitial lamellae

Front 42

blood vessles that penetrate from the compact bone from the periosteum are called?

Back 42

transverse volkmans canals

Front 43

outer circumfeential lamellae are connected to the periosteum by what fibers?

Back 43

sharpeys (perforating) fibers

Front 44

spongy bone is also called?

Back 44

trabecular/ cancellous

Front 45

compact bone is also called?

Back 45

cortical/ dense

Front 46

spongy bone contains?

Back 46

trabeculae, spicules, air spaces

Front 47

what is the part of spongy bone that consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns?

Back 47

trabeculae

Front 48

compact bone contains:

Back 48

concentric lamellae, central canal (haversion), osteon, and perforating (volkmann) canals.

Front 49

what are circular plates of mineralized extrecellular matrix of increasing diameter?

Back 49

concentric lamellae

Front 50

the lines of stress in bone are/arent static?

Back 50

arent

Front 51

what are fragments of older osteons that have paritialy been destroyed, and lie btwn neighboring osteons?

Back 51

interstitial lamellae

Front 52

blood vessles that penetrate from the compact bone from the periosteum are called?

Back 52

transverse volkmans canals

Front 53

outer circumfeential lamellae are connected to the periosteum by what fibers?

Back 53

sharpeys (perforating) fibers

Front 54

spongy bone is also called?

Back 54

trabecular/ cancellous

Front 55

compact bone is also called?

Back 55

cortical/ dense

Front 56

spongy bone contains?

Back 56

trabeculae, spicules, air spaces

Front 57

what is the part of spongy bone that consists of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns?

Back 57

trabeculae

Front 58

how many zones ot the metaphysis are there?

Back 58

5; starting from the deepest...reserve, proliferation,hypertrophy, calcification, deposition

Front 59

what three vitamins are critical foe collagenneous creation?

Back 59

A,C,D

Front 60

what does calcium and phosphate do for bones?

Back 60

make the extracellular matrix hard

Front 61

this vitamin is needed for the activity of osteoblasts during remolding of bone, its deficentcy stunts growth, and is toxic in high doses?

Back 61

A

Front 62

this vitamin is needed for syntheisis of collagen, and is the MAIN bone protein?

Back 62

C

Front 63

what vitamin produced by the kidneys helps build bone by incresing absorbtion of calcium from GI tract to blood?

Back 63

D

Front 64

what hormone is secreted by glands and promotes reabsorbtion by osteoclats, ehances recoveryof CA+ ions, and promotes active function of Vitamin D

Back 64

(PTH) parathyroid hormone

Front 65

hormones that promote growth during teen years stimulate osteoblasts to promote "growth spurts"?

Back 65

sex hormones (test/esto)

Front 66

the meniscus is made out of?

Back 66

firbocartilage

Front 67

tedons, ligaments, and sheaths are made out of?

Back 67

dense regular CT. tendons and ligaments are described as? and sheaths are?

Hint 67

fluid filled cushion; covers areas around shoulder/elbow;

Front 68

___ a small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid? It provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscles around a joint.

Back 68

bursa

Front 69

bursa help?

Back 69

reduce friction between the bone, allows free movement