Anatomy Review

Front 1

digestion

Back 1

the process by which food is broken down into molecules/particles small enough for the body to absorb

Front 2

mechanical digestion

Back 2

consists of chewing and gut motility
works on the largest of the feed particles
increases surface area for enzymatic digestion

Front 3

chemical digestion

Back 3

acidic breakdown of food
mainly accomplished by gastric acids
also increases surface area for enzymatic digestion

Front 4

enzymatic digestion

Back 4

biological cleavage of food
done by proteins etc (amylase from saliva, etc)

Front 5

fermentation

Back 5

microbes breakdown of roughage/forage feed particles for their own use, the by products are the nutrients the ruminants useproduces volatile fatty acids

Front 6

monogastric

Back 6

"simple stomachs"
well developed small intestines
unsacculated colon
minimal fermentation
birds, dogs, cats

Front 7

eupnea

Back 7

normal quiet breathing

Front 8

dyspnea

Back 8

difficult breathing

Front 9

hyperpnea

Back 9

increased depth or frequency of breathing

Front 10

polypnea

Back 10

rapid shallow breathing

Front 11

apnea

Back 11

cessation of breathing

Front 12

tachypnea

Back 12

excessively rapid breathing

Front 13

bradypnea

Back 13

abnormal slowness in breathing

Front 14

tidal volume

Back 14

volume inhaled/exhaled in a normal breath

Front 15

inspiratory reserve volume

Back 15

amount of air that can still be inspired after a normal breath

Front 16

expiratory reserve volume

Back 16

amount of air that can still be expired after a normal breath

Front 17

residual volume

Back 17

air remaining in lungs after forced expiration

Front 18

total lung capacity

Back 18

all the air the lungs can hold

Front 19

vital capacity

Back 19

total function capacity of the lungs (maximum amount of air that can be breathed in after the most forceful expiration)

Front 20

complemental air

Back 20

air forced out after a normal exhalation

Front 21

dead space

Back 21

places where no gas exchange occurs (for example between the nostrils and alveoli)

Front 22

functions of blood

Back 22

transportation, protection, and regulation

Front 23

erythropoiesis

Back 23

erythrocyte formation regulated by erythropoietin

Front 24

erythropoietin

Back 24

produced by kidney, regulates erythropoiesis

Front 25

icterus

Back 25

accumulation of bilirubin

Front 26

hemolysis

Back 26

lysis of red blood cells, heme is released leading to a pink color (in plasma?)

Front 27

hemagglutination

Back 27

agglutination (clumping) of RBC's
can occur due to transfussion of wrong type of blood

Front 28

anemia

Back 28

lower than normal levels of functional RBC's and/or hemoglobin
reduces the oxygen carrying capacity

Front 29

bacterial infection

Back 29

increases number of leukocytes

Front 30

leukocytosis

Back 30

an increase in number of leukocytes

Front 31

viral infection

Back 31

decreases leukocyte numbers

Front 32

leukopenia

Back 32

a decrease in the number of leukocytes

Front 33

leukemia

Back 33

cancer of the white blood cell

Front 34

neutrophils

Back 34

most prevelant WBC
purple (blue and red)
phagocytic function
=pus
=infection

Front 35

eosinophils

Back 35

red
act as antihistamines/anti-inflammatory
=parasutic infection

Front 36

basophils

Back 36

blue
start inflammation/allergic response

Front 37

monocytes

Back 37

make up mononuclear phagocytic system

Front 38

lymphocytes

Back 38

2nd most prevelant
3 types -> B and T, and NK cells
immune function

Front 39

monocyte macrophage system

Back 39

system that degrades RBC's, takes place in the spleen and in the liver

Front 40

platelets (thrombocytes)

Back 40

important in blood clotting
2/3 of them stored in the spleen for emergency

Front 41

hemostasis

Back 41

stoppage of bleeding (clotting)

Front 42

blood clotting phases

Back 42

1) constriction of the smooth muscle around the vessel to decrease blood flow
2)formation of a platelet plug
3) clot formation if necessary
intrinsic - uses stuff in blood to start the process
extrinsic- things with the vessel walls help with clotting

Front 43

platelet aggregation

Back 43

binding of platelets to connective tissue (forming platelet plug)
regulated by thromboxane and prostacyclin

Front 44

thromboxane

Back 44

stimulates platelet aggregation

Front 45

prostacyclin

Back 45

inhibits platelet aggregation

Front 46

blood clotting pathway

Back 46

clotting factors from intrinsic/extrinsic pathways start the amplification process to form a lood clot
requires Ca, thrombin, fibrin, and vit K

Front 47

Haematology

Back 47

a blood test that analyzes # of RBC's and # and types of WBC's

Front 48

Biochemistry

Back 48

a blood test that reveals the chemistry of substances in blood

Front 49

immunity

Back 49

protection against foreign entities

Front 50

antigens

Back 50

molecules that stimulate an immune response such as components of foreign cells or secretions from them

Front 51

nonspecific defense

Back 51

epithelia (physical barrier, cgemical secretions)
macrophages -> cytokines

Front 52

B cells

Back 52

humoral immune response
produce antibodies
once they recognize the antigen, they proliferate, some turn into plasma cells and make more antibodies, some transform into memmory cells
modulated by cytokines and helpr cells

Front 53

T cells

Back 53

cellular mediated immune response
need to be in contact with cells carrying the antigen

Front 54

T cytoxic cells

Back 54

kill foreign cells

Front 55

T helper cells

Back 55

help activate cytotoxic cells and B cells

Front 56

T memory cells

Back 56

long lived T cells that rememer specific antigens

Front 57

antibodies (immunoglobins)

Back 57

any protein that can bond to an antigen
5 types -> IgG,IgA,IgM,IgE,IgD
(remember GAMED)

Front 58

IgG

Back 58

most common type of antibody
antibacterial, antiviral, antitoxin

Front 59

active immunity

Back 59

immunity achieved by the response of one's own immune system to an antigen

Front 60

passive immunity

Back 60

temporary immunity achieved by transfer of immunoglobulins/helper t cells (through collostrum)

Front 61

endocrine route

Back 61

hormone transported via blood

Front 62

exocrine route

Back 62

hormone is produced here, effects somewhere else

Front 63

paracrine route

Back 63

hormone is secreted into the space interstitial fluid to get to target organ

Front 64

neurocrine route

Back 64

hormone travels via suynaptic clefts like neurotransmitters

Front 65

epicrine route

Back 65

hormone passes through gap junctions between cells

Front 66

autocrine route

Back 66

the hormone the cell produces acts upon itself

Front 67

hormone receptors

Back 67

protein structures designed to accept a specific hormone to bind to it to bring about a cellular change

Front 68

up-regulation

Back 68

increase in the number of hormone receptors on the target cell

Front 69

down-regulation

Back 69

decrease in the number of hormone receptors on the target cell

Front 70

peptide hormone

Back 70

small protein hormones
receptors are located on the cell membrane
receptors trigger event -> secondary messengers -> cAMP -> G protein

Front 71

steroid hormone

Back 71

hormones made from cholesterol
receptors located in the cytosol or on the nucleus of the target cell -> alters specfic DNA transcription to make more/less proteins

Front 72

amine hormones

Back 72

hormones made from biochemically modifications of tyrosine

Front 73

positive feedback hormone regulation

Back 73

the hormone promotes the synthesis of itself

Front 74

negative feedback hormone regulation

Back 74

the specific hormone stop its synthesis
acts as a check system
the most common hormone feedback regulation

Front 75

pituitary gland

Back 75

"master gland" because it produces so many hormones contains an anterior and posterior lobe

Front 76

anterior pituitary

Back 76

part of the pituitary made up of epithelial tissue
ACTH, FSH, LH, GH

Front 77

posterior pituitary

Back 77

part of the pituitary gland made up of neural tissue
oxytocin, ADH

Front 78

GH (growth hormone)

Back 78

almost every tissue in the body has receptors for ths hormone
stimulates growth
(anterior pituitary)

Front 79

ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

Back 79

hormone that stimulates release of hormones from adrenal gland
"stress response"
(antereor pituitary)

Front 80

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Back 80

hormone that reduces the amount of H2O released from the kidneys in urine
(posterior pituitary)

Front 81

oxytocin

Back 81

hormone involved with smooth muscle contractions of the uterus mainly
(posterior pituitary)

Front 82

glucocorticoids

Back 82

hormones that enhance the production of glucose, related to stress
(adrenal cortex)

Front 83

mineralocorticoids

Back 83

hormones that regulate Na and K levels in the blood
(adrenal cortex)

Front 84

catcholamines

Back 84

hormones that prepare animals to "flee" or "fight"
adrenal medulla

Front 85

thyroid gland

Back 85

gland that secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Front 86

calcitonin

Back 86

hormone that acts to decreas levels of Ca in blood
(thyroid)

Front 87

parathyroid glanf

Back 87

gland that secretes parathyroid hormone

Front 88

parathyroid hormone

Back 88

hormone which increases levels of calcium in blood
stimulates release of Ca from bone
increase osteocytes and osteoclasts
activates vitamin D

Front 89

T3 and T4

Back 89

hormones that increase the basal metabolic rate (oxygen consumption and heat production)
(thyroid gland)

Front 90

hypothalamus

Back 90

produces GnRH, CRH, TRH

Front 91

adipose tissure
(in terms of hormones)

Back 91

produces leptin and adiponectin

Front 92

pineal gland

Back 92

produces melatonin

Front 93

prostoglandins

Back 93

hormones prodiced in nearly all tissue
mediate inflammatory response mainly

Front 94

hind gut fermenters

Back 94

animals have enlarged cecums/colons
(horses, guinea pigs, rabits, rhinos, elephants)

Front 95

visceral peritoneum

Back 95

part of the peritoneum that contacts the organd

Front 96

parietal peritoneum

Back 96

part of the peritoneum that creates abdominal wall

Front 97

peritoneum

Back 97

surrounds the digestive tract of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 98

mesenteries

Back 98

attach organs to the abdominal wall
highly vascularized

Front 99

oral vestibule

Back 99

space between lips and teeth

Front 100

pharynx

Back 100

common passageway for food and air

Front 101

tonsils

Back 101

lymphatic tissue associated with the pharynx

Front 102

fundic/body region of stomach

Back 102

nonglandular region of the stomach
stores undigested foodsize determined by degree of filling
muscular

Front 103

cardiac glands in stomach

Back 103

secrete mucous

Front 104

gastric glands in the fundus

Back 104

secrete mucous, hydrochloric acid,, and pepsinogen

Front 105

pyloric glands in stomach

Back 105

sectrete mucous and gastrin

Front 106

reticulum

Back 106

1st compartment in ruminants
honeycomb
fermentation

Front 107

rumen

Back 107

2nd compartment in ruminants
fills left side of abdominal cavity
location of the most fermentation

Front 108

omasum

Back 108

3rd compartment in ruminants
"book stomach"
filters particles (small ones pass throgh)
water absorption

Front 109

abomasum

Back 109

4th compartment in ruminants
true glandular stomach

Front 110

small intestines

Back 110

duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum

Front 111

duodenum

Back 111

part of small intestines that recieves pancreatic ducts from liver

Front 112

jejunum

Back 112

longest part of small intestine

Front 113

ileum

Back 113

smallest part of large intestines
continuous with large intestines

Front 114

cecum (appendix)

Back 114

blind sac at ileum/large intestines

Front 115

estrogen

Back 115

hormone produced by ovary, placenta, adrenal cortex
estradiol (nonpregnant) estrone (pregnant)
related to repro

Front 116

progesterone

Back 116

hormone produced by CL, placeneta, adrenal cortex
promote pregnancy

Front 117

FSH

Back 117

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary
female -> promotes growth of folliceles
male -> promotes spermatogenesis

Front 118

LH

Back 118

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary
female -> stimulates ovuulation and formation of CL
male -> acts on leydig cells to increase production of testosterone

Front 119

testosterone

Back 119

hormone produced by the interstitial leydig cells found in thte seminiferous tubules of the testis