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485 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pump that forces blood through vessels?
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heart
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How much does the heart weigh?
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10 oz.
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What is the inner linig of the pericardial sac?
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parietal pericardium
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What is the outermost layer of the heart?
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visceral pericardium
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What is the inner lining of the chambers of the heart?
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endocardium
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What is the liquid between the visceral and parietal pericardium?
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pericardial fluid
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What is a heart muscle and makes up most of the organ?
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myocardium
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What are the "heart strings"?
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chordae tendinae
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The right pump of the heart pumps blood where?
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to the lungs
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The left pump of the heart pumps blood where?
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all over the body minus the lungs
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What side of the heart is bigger?
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left
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What receive blood from veins that are returning blood to the heart?
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atria
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What receieves reduced (deoxygenated) blood from the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava?
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right atrium
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What receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?
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left atrium
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What pump blood from the heart?
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two ventricles
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What pumps reduced blood into the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries to the lungs?
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right ventricle
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What pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta and to the rest of the body?
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left ventricle
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Is the volume of blood pumped higher on the left or right side?
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it's the same on both sides
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What ventricle produces greater pressure?
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left side
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What ventricle is flimsy?
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right
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What are walls that separate chambers?
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septa
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What separates the right atrium from the left?
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interatrial septum
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An opening in what septum allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus?
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interatrial septum
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What are the two Atrioventricular (A-V) valves?
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tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid)
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What valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle?
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tricuspid valve
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What valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
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mitral valve
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What valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunck to the lungs?
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pulmonic valves
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What valve allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta?
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aortic valve
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What is a large vein that carries blood from the head and arms to the right atrium?
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precava
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What is a large vein that carries blood from the lower body?
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postcava
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What carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?
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pulmonary veins
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What receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to large arteries of the body?
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aorta
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What receives blood from the pulmonary trunk which received it from the right ventricle? It also carries blood to the lungs?
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pulmonary arteries
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What is also known as the "pacemaker"?
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S-A Node
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What is located near to the place where the precava joins the right atrium?
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S-A Node
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What is the normal beating rate of the S-A Node?
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60-100 exitations per minute
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What two things does the S-A Node do?
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stimulates the atria to contract and stimulates the A-V Node
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What is located in the inferior interatrial septum next to the atrioventricular septum?
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A-V Node
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What has the shortest rest period between exitations?
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S-A Node
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What has the next shortest, comparted to the S-A Node, period between exitations?
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A-V Node
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What two things does the A-V Node?
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delays the passing of the impulse for .08 to .12 seconds and passes the impulse to the AV bundles of His
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What are large impulse conductive trunks that carry the depolarization to bundle branches which are then passed on to Purkinje cells?
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A-V bundles of His
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What are modified muscle cells that function to carry the depolarization wave to myocardial cells?
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Purkinje fibers
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What arteries carry blood to the heart muscle?
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coronary arteries
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What are the two coronary arteries?
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right and left coronary artery
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Where does the right coronary artery carry blood to?
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right side of the heart
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What is one of the leading causes of death in humans?
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blocked coronaries
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What is the pattern of blood flow through the heart?
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enters the 1. vena cava 2. right atrium 3. right ventricle 4. pulmonic valve 5. pulmonary trunk 6. lungs 7. pulmonary veins 8. left atrium 9. mitral valve 10. left ventricle 11. aortic valve 12. aorta
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What is the name for the cycle the heart passes through?
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cardiac cycle
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How many cycles does a heart pass through each minute?
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75 cyclesq
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What does the SA Node do during the cardiace cycle?
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stimulate atria to contract while ventricles are relaxing
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What does the AV Node do during the cardiac cycle?
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stimulate the ventricles to contract and the atria to relax
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What is the force exerted by blood against the vessel walls?
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blood pressure
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What is the pressure that is measured when estimating blood pressure?
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arterial pressure
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What is the highest pressure reached in a cycle?
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systolic
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What is a typical value for systolic pressure?
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120 mmHg
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What is the lowest pressure reached in a cycle?
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diastolic
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What is the typical value for diastolic pressure?
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80 mmHg
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What is a devise used to estimate arterial blood pressure?
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pressure cuff or sphygmomanometer
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What is the recording showing the electrical activity of the heart?
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EKG or electrocardiogram
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The first and second heart sounds is caused by what?
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closing valves
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What is heard when the AV valves close?
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S1
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What is heard when the semilunar valves close?
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S2
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What are abnormal sounds that are made by leaky or tight valves or by blood turbulence inside the heart?
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murmurs
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What is the name for a tight valve?
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valvular stenosis
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What causes blood regurgitaiton?
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valvular insufficiency
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What is the name for a loose valve?
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valvular regurgitation
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What diseases are common from damage to heart valves?
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rheumatic heart disease and poststreptacoccal glomerulonephritis
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What is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle in one minute?
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cardiac output
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What is another name for cardiac output?
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minute volume
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What is the equation for cardiac output?
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stoke volume X heart rate per minute
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What is the amount of blood ejected per stroke on one side of the heart?
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stroke volume
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What is the cardiac reserve that a healthy individual has?
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300-400%
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What is the maximum cardiac reserve?
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600%
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Innervation of the heart is controlled by what?
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autonomic nervous system
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What does the sympathetic division do to the heart?
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increase in heart rate and force of contraction
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What does the parasympathetic division do to the heart?
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decrease heart rate and decreased force of contraction
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What is the name for "More in, More out?"
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Frank Starling Law of the Heart
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What conduct blood away from the heart?
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arteries
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What are stretchy because their walls contain elastic fibers?
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elastic arteries
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What are the largest arteries?
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elastic arteries
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What have smooth muscles within their walls?
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muscular arteries
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Where do muscular arteries go?
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to organs
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What are small arteries that are about the size of pins and contain smooth muscle within their walls?
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arterioles
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What conduct blood toward the heart?
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veins
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What are veins?
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low pressure vessels
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What are small veins?
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venules
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What are the smallest blood vessels?
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capillaries
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What is the inner lining of vessels and this is the layer that all vessels have?
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tunica intima
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What is another name for tunica intima?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What is tunica intima made up of?
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simple squamous epithelium
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What is the middle layer of vessels and contains a mixture of circular smooth muscle and elastic fibers?
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tunica media
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What is the outermost layer of vessels and contains a mixture of elastic and collagen fibers?
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tunica externa
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What is another name for tunica externa?
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adventitia
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Elastic arteries, the aorta and other large arteries are called what?
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conducting arteries
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What is the size of arterioles?
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less than 0.5 mm
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What is the name for the decrease of blood flow through arteries?
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vasoconstriction
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What is the name for the increase of blood flow through arteries?
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vasodilation
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What layers do capillaries posses?
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tunica intima
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What is the total surface of capillaries in the body?
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600 M2
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What do veins have that prevent backward flow of blood?
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valves
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What are tiny blood vessels that supply blood to the walls of thick arteries and veins?
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vasa vasorum
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What are a special type of capillary that has an irregular passage?
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sinusoids
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What are some organs that have sinusoids?
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liver, spleen, parathyroid, and adenohypophysis
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Sinusoids are occupied by a specific type of macrophage called a what?
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Kupffer cell
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What are the functions of sinusoids?
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place for phagocytosis to occur and protein permeability
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What consists of the system of vessels including the aorta, large arteries that branch from the aorta, their smaller branches, arterioles, capillaries, and venules and veins that return blood to the heart?
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systemic circulation
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Where does systemic circulation bring blood?
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to the body
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Where does pulmonary circulation bring blood?
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to the lungs
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What consists of the pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, arterioles and caillaries of the lungs and the pulmonary venous system?
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pulmonary circulation
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What is the name for where blood passes through two sets of capillaries before returning to the heart?
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portal circulation
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What receives blood from capillaries in the viscera?
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hepatic portal system
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What visceral organs does blood flow into the hepatic portal system?
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stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, large intestine, and rectum
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What is the function of the hepatic portal system?
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transport blood from the guts to the liver
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What does blood bypass in a fetus?
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lungs
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What is the interatrial opening that allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium into the left atrium?
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foramen ovale
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In the fetus, is pressure greater on the left or right side of the heart?
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right
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What is the function of the foramen ovale?
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allows flow only from right to left
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What is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood that is in the pulmonary artery to bypass the lungs and pass directly into the aorta?
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ductus arteriosus
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What does the ductus arteriosus become after birth?
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ligamentum arteriosum
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Which ventricle is larger in the fetus?
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right ventricle
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What carries blood to the placenta in the fetus?
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umbilical circulation
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There are two of these that branch from the fetal internal iliac arteries?
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umbilical arteries
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A single one of these carries blood from the placenta through the liver to the fetal inferior vena cava?
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umbilical vein
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What does fetal hemoglobin contain?
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2 gamma polypeptide chains and 2 alpha chains
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The first breath of a baby is caused by what?
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central acidosis
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What is a condition that occurs in one in thousands of neonates in which the ductus arteriosus remains open?
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patent ductus arteriosus
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When the umbilical vein collapses what can it be seen as?
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round ligament
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What is similar to blood vessels but is a little bit more permeable?
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lmphatic system
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What are dead-end vessels throughout the tissues of the body?
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lymphatic capillaries
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Why are lymphatic capillaries more permeable than blood capillaries?
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have no basement membrane and have endothelial cells that overlap
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What are lymph capillaries in the intestines that absorb fat after digestion?
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lacteals
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What drain lymph from the capillary beds?
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lymph veins
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What drains lymph from most of the body including everything inferior to the heart, the left arm, left chest, and the left side of the head?
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thoracic duct
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Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
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left subclavian vein
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What drains lymph from the right arm and shoulder and the right side of the head?
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right lymphatic duct
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Where are lymph nodes most abundant?
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axilla, groin, intestinal region, and neck
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What do lymph nodes have inside through lymph passes through?
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sinuses
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What evaluate the contents of lymph for presence of pathogens?
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phagocytes and lymphocytes
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How fast does lymph flow throught the thoracic duct?
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100 ml/hr
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What cuases elephantiasis?
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Wuchereria bancrofti
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What are the functions of the lymph system?
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return fluid to blood and immune response
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What are some examples of lymphatic organs?
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spleen, thymus, tonsils, and adenoids
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What is the funciton of the immune system?
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recognize pathogens and elimante them
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When immunity is not working what does it normally cause?
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hypsersensitivity, allergies, anaphylaxis, hay fever, asthma
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What are some examples of autoimmunity?
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lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever
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What block viral activity in cells?
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interferons
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What is a special group of blood proteins that kill bacteria?
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complement complex
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What is a mechanism that walls an area off to limit the spread of a pathogen?
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inflammation
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What are some examples of nonspecific defense?
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external barriers, phagocytosis, fever, interferons, inflammation
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What make up between 5 and 15% of circulating lymphocytes and attack body cells that have viruses inside or cancer cells?
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natural killer cells
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What are the two different types of specific defense?
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humoral and cell mediated
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What humoral cell is produced in bone marrow?
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B-cells
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Where were B-Cells first discovered?
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Bursa of Fabricius
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Where are B-Cells located?
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in blood and lymphoid tissues
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What do B-Cells become?
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plasma cells
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What specific defense cells to to the site of the invasion rather then sending molecules like antibodies?
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cell mediated
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What make up 80% of circulating lymphocytes and are also known as CD-8 and CD-4 cells?
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T-cell
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Where are T-Cells produced?
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bone marrow
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Where are T-cells located?
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blood and lymphoid tissues
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What do T-Cells produce?
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lymphokines
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What do T-cells protect against?
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cancer, bacteria, viruses, fungi
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What are the two major classes of T-Cells?
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CD-8 and CD-4 cells
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What is another name for CD-8 cells?
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killer T-Cells
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What is another name for CD-4 cells?
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helper cells
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What cells attack cells that have active viruses within or are cancer cells?
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NK cells
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What kind of immunity do you have if the antibodies that are fighting a pathogen in the body were produced in the body?
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active immunity
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What are the ways to obtain active immunity?
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have the disesae or have a vaccination for the pathogen
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What immunity do you have if the organism was not produced by cells but rather were produced by their mother or by another animal?
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passive immunity
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When nursing a neonate do they gain passive or active immunity?
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passive
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Is snake antivenin an example of passive or active immunity?
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passive
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What is the universal blood recipient?
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AB
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What is the universal donor recipient?
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O
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What is the name for when fetal blood leaks into maternal blood?
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erythroblastosis fetalis
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What is the process of breathing in?
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inspiration
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What is the process of breathing out?
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expiration
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The nasal cavity is separated by what?What
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nasal septum
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What type of tissue lines the nasal cavity?
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pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
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What is the function of the nasal cavity?
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filters, humidifies air, warms air, sense detection, voice attenuations
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What helps filter particles through the nose?
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hair, mucus, and cilia
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What are the posterior openings into the throat?
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choanae
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What is the name for the throat?
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pharynx
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What is the function of the pharynx?
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passage for food and air
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What are the divisions of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
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What is the upper part of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx
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What is located in the nasopharynx?
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pharyngeal tonsil and eustachian tube
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What is the central part of the pharynx?
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oropharynx
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What is located in the oropharynx?
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palatine and lingual tonsils
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What is the lower part of the pharynx?
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laryngopharynx
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What are the openings into the pharynx?
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2 choanae, 1 fauces, 1 glottis, 1 esophagus, 2 eustachian tubes
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What is the name for the voice box?
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larynx
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What is the flap that covers the glottis?
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epiglottis
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How many cartilages are located in the larynx?
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nine
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What is located in the larynx?
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thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage
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What are the vestibular folds in the membranes of the larynx?
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false vocal cords
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What is the central part of the pharynx?
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oropharynx
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What are the thin structures that vibrate when air passes over them?
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true vocal cords
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What is located in the oropharynx?
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palatine and lingual tonsils
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What is the lower part of the pharynx?
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laryngopharynx
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What are the openings into the pharynx?
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2 choanae, 1 fauces, 1 glottis, 1 esophagus, 2 eustachian tubes
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What is the name for the voice box?
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larynx
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What is the flap that covers the glottis?
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epiglottis
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How many cartilages are located in the larynx?
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nine
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What is located in the larynx?
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thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage
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What are the vestibular folds in the membranes of the larynx?
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false vocal cords
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What are the thin structures that vibrate when air passes over them?
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true vocal cords
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What is the opening into the larynx and includes the true vocal cords?
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glottis
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What is commonly called the windpipe?
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trachea
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What are the walls of the trachea supported by?
|
hyaline cartilage
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There are as many as 23 of these that come off of the trachea?
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tracheal branches
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What is the name for the first branch from the trachea that pass laterally into the lungs?
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primary bronchi
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What are the branches from the primary bronchi and are located inside the lungs?
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secondary bronchi
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What are the branches that come after primary bronchi?
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tertiary bronchi
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What are small tubes that are less than 1mm in diameter?
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bronchioles
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What is the name for the next to the last section of bronchioles?
|
terminal bronchioles
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What is the name for the last section of bronchioles?
|
respiratory bronchioles
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What are the air passages that lie beyond respiratory bronchioles and open into alveoli?
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alveolar ducts
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What are the tiny non-ciliated air chambers where gas exchange occurs?
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alveoli
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How many alveoli are there per lung?
|
150 million
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What does alveolar type I cells release?
|
angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)
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What does alveolar type II cells release?
|
surfactant
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What can greatly influence the passage of air through bronchioles?
|
bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction
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What is present between the visceral and parietal pleura of the lungs?
|
serous fluid
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How many lung lobes are there?
|
3 on the right and 2 on the left
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The lungs are further divided into 10 what?
|
bronchopulmonary segments
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What is the name for when air enters?
|
inspiration
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What is the name for when air exits?
|
expiration
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What is the name for the volume of air that is breathed into the lungs druing rested and relaxed breathing?
|
tidal volume
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What is the name for the volume that can be breathed in above tidal volume ?
|
inspiratory reserve volume
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What is the name for the volume that can be forced out of the lungs beyond tidal volume?
|
expiratory reserve volume
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what is the volume that cannot be exhaled from the lungs?
|
residual volume
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What is a recording of the volume exchanges druing breathing?
|
spirogram
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A spirogram is the written recording that is obtained by using a machine called a what?
|
spirograph
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What is the name for combinations of two or more volumes?
|
capacities
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What is the total volume of air that can be inhaled into and exhaled from the lungs?
|
vital capacity
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What is the equation for Vital Capacity?
|
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
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What is the total capacity of the lungs?
|
total lung capacity
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What is the equation for total lung capacity?
|
TLC = VC + RV
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What is the volume of air that is exchanged during one minute of breathing?
|
minute volume
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What is the equation for minute volume?
|
MV = TV X RPM
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What is the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gasses in air is equal to the sum of all of the partial pressures of the gasses in the air?
|
partial pressure
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What is another name for partial pressure?
|
Dalton's Law
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What is the equation for partial pressure of oxygen?
|
PO2=PP mmHg
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What is the movement of molecules from their area of high concentration to areas of low concentration?
|
diffusion
|
|
|
What is the PO2 of deoxygenated blood?
|
40 mmHg
|
|
|
What is the PCO2 of deoxygentated blood?
|
45 mmHg
|
|
|
What is the name for eating or the taking in of food?
|
ingestion
|
|
|
What is the process of converting insoluble molecules into soluble molecules?
|
digestion
|
|
|
What is the movement of soluble molecules from the lumen of the gut into blood or lymph veins?
|
absorption
|
|
|
What is the name for the defacation or the elimination of non-degested material?
|
egestion
|
|
|
What is the passageway through which food passes from the mouth to the anus?
|
digestive tract
|
|
|
What is the muscular organ that manipulates a bolus during mastication?
|
tongue
|
|
|
What are the small projections on the surface of the tongue?
|
papillae
|
|
|
What are located over most of the surface of the tongue?
|
taste buds
|
|
|
What are the different types of taste buds?
|
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
|
|
|
What are located in alveoli in the mandible and maxilla?
|
teeth
|
|
|
Mammals are what which means they are four types of teeth?
|
heterodonts
|
|
|
What are the chisel-shaped teeth located in the upper and lower anterior position?
|
incisors
|
|
|
What are the first teeth posterior to the four lateral incisors?
|
canines
|
|
|
What are posterior to the four canines and have two cusps?
|
premolars
|
|
|
What are the most posterior teeth and have four or more cusps?
|
molars
|
|
|
What is the part of the tooth above the gingiva?
|
crown
|
|
|
What is the part of the tooth that is embedded in the bone?
|
root
|
|
|
What is the hard outer covering of calcium phosphate?
|
enamel
|
|
|
What is the inner bone-like material?
|
dentin
|
|
|
What in the inner cavity thta contains vessels and nerves?
|
pulp cavity
|
|
|
What produce and release saliva?
|
salivary glands
|
|
|
What does saliva contain?
|
salivary amylase and lingual lipase
|
|
|
What does saliva do?
|
cleans teeth, dissolves food for taste, moistens the bolus, digest food
|
|
|
What is the tube between the pharynx and the stomach?
|
esophagus
|
|
|
What are waves of contraction that move the bolus down the esophagus?
|
peristalsis
|
|
|
Where does the peristalsis wave end?
|
cardiac sphincter
|
|
|
What is the dome like part of the stomach that is cranial to the LES?
|
fundus
|
|
|
What is located around the LES?
|
cardiac region
|
|
|
What is the narrow region at the terminal end of the stomach?
|
pylorus
|
|
|
What is the major part of the stomach between the pylorus and the cardiac region and fundus?
|
body
|
|
|
What is the left outer edge of the stomach?
|
greater curvature
|
|
|
What is the right inner edge of the stomach?
|
lesser curvature
|
|
|
What is the muscle that relaxes to permit chyme to pass from the pylorus into the duodenum?
|
pyloric sphincter
|
|
|
What is the internal longitudinal folds inside the stomach?
|
rugae
|
|
|
What are the functions of the stomach?
|
storage, mechanical breakdown of the bolus, digestion, and intrinsic factor
|
|
|
What provides the acid environment for gastric enzyme activity?
|
HCl
|
|
|
What produces HCl?
|
parietal cells
|
|
|
What is released by chief cells that are in the stomach wall?
|
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
|
|
|
What converts pepsinogen into pepsin?
|
HCl
|
|
|
What comes from parietal cells in the stomach that is required for normal cobalamin absorption?
|
intrinsic factor
|
|
|
What can result from cobalamin malabsorption?
|
pernicious anemia
|
|
|
What is the first region of the small intestine?
|
duodenum
|
|
|
What is the primary site for intestinal digestion?
|
duodenum
|
|
|
What is the central part of the small intestine?
|
jejunum
|
|
|
What is the jejunum the site of?
|
digestion and absorption
|
|
|
What is the end of the small intestine?
|
ileum
|
|
|
What are the visible finger-like projections into the lumen of the gut?
|
villi
|
|
|
What is the total surface area of the villi of the small intestine?
|
250 meters squared
|
|
|
What are lymph veins that absorb fats and are present in each villus?
|
lacteals
|
|
|
What carry blood into each villus and absorb sugars and amino acids?
|
capillaries
|
|
|
What are located at the base of the villi and is the site of the mitosis for the formation of the ever changing intestinal lining?
|
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
|
|
|
What is the name for the indegestion that results from the inability to produce lactase?
|
lactose intolerance
|
|
|
What is an inactive form of an enzyme?
|
zymogens
|
|
|
What are triglycerides digested to?
|
glycerol and 3 fatty acids and monoglycerides
|
|
|
When lipids are digested they are packaged in protein coated vesicles called what?
|
chylomicrons
|
|
|
When chylomicrons exit the cell they are absorbed by what?
|
lacteals
|
|
|
What are DNA and RNA digested by?
|
deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease
|
|
|
When nucleic acids are digested into nucleotides they are further digested by what?
|
nucleosidase and phophatase
|
|
|
What breaks the bond between sugar and bases in a nucleotide?
|
nucleosidase
|
|
|
What breaks the bond between phosphates and sugars in a nucleotide?
|
phosphatase
|
|
|
What are large chylomicrons?
|
lipoproteins
|
|
|
What are protein vesicles that contain triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids?
|
chylomicrons
|
|
|
What is the name for good cholesterol?
|
HDL - high density lipoprotein
|
|
|
What is the name for bad protein?
|
LDL - low density lipoprotein
|
|
|
What is the size of the large intestine?
|
5 cm X 1.5 cm
|
|
|
What is the sphincter that controls passage from the small intestine into the large intestine?
|
ileocecal valve
|
|
|
What is the dead-end pouch at the proximal end of the colon?
|
cecum
|
|
|
What does the cecum contain?
|
vermiform appendix
|
|
|
What is the proximal region of the large intestine that passes cranially?
|
ascending colon
|
|
|
What is the region of the large intestine that passes from teh right side of the peritoneal cavity to the left?
|
transverse colon
|
|
|
What is the region of the large intestine that passes from the transverse colon caudally to the top of the pelvis?
|
descending colon
|
|
|
What is the "S" shaped section of large intestine that passes from the descending colon to the midline of the pelvic cavity?
|
sigmoid colon
|
|
|
What pass in the midline through the lower pelvic region to the anus?
|
rectum and anal canal
|
|
|
What is the terminal opening of the gut?
|
anus
|
|
|
What are the puckered pouches in the colon wall?
|
hausta
|
|
|
What are the functions of the large intestine?
|
absorption, vitamin production, and movement
|
|
|
What does the large intestine absorb?
|
water vitamins and gases
|
|
|
How is there movement in the large intestine?
|
peristalsis and haustral contractions
|
|
|
What are the names of the salivary glands?
|
parotid and submandibular
|
|
|
What % of saliva does the parotid duct secrete?
|
25%
|
|
|
What is another name for the parotid duct?
|
Stenson's Duct
|
|
|
What does the saliva from the parotid duct contain?
|
mucus and alpha amylase
|
|
|
What % of saliva does the submandibular secrete?
|
70%
|
|
|
Where is the submandibular salivary gland located?
|
beneath the posterior floor of the mouth
|
|
|
What is another name for the submandibular gland?
|
Wharton's duct
|
|
|
What % of saliva does the sublingual gland secrete?
|
5%
|
|
|
What is another name for the sublingual gland?
|
Rivinus' duct
|
|
|
What is located throughout mucosa of the oral cavity?
|
buccal glands
|
|
|
What is orchitis?
|
mumps
|
|
|
What is the largest gland in the body located inferior to the diaphragm?
|
liver
|
|
|
Where does the liver receive blood from?
|
hepatic artery and the hepatic portal system
|
|
|
What are special phgocytes that hang out in the liver ready to phagocytize stuff?
|
Kupffer cells
|
|
|
What emulsifies fat?
|
production of bile
|
|
|
How much bile is produced daily?
|
800-1000 ml/day
|
|
|
What blood proteins are produced by the liver?
|
prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumins, heparin, and lipoproteins
|
|
|
What does the liver store?
|
minerals, vitamins, and glycogen
|
|
|
What is a thin walled sac located on the inferior wall of the liver that store bile?
|
gallbladder
|
|
|
What come off of the gallbladder?
|
cystic duct, hepatic duct, and common bile duct
|
|
|
What do the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct come together to form?
|
ampulla of vater
|
|
|
What is the duct that conducts pancreatic enzymes to the duodenum?
|
pancreatic duct
|
|
|
What is another name for the pancreatic duct?
|
duct of Wirsung
|
|
|
What controls the passage of bile?
|
Sphincter of Oddi
|
|
|
What is the little bump inside the duodenum?
|
duodenal papilla
|
|
|
What is located near the greater curvature of the stomach and is between the stomach and duodenum?
|
pancreas
|
|
|
What are the names for the pancreatic ducts that deliver pancreatic secretions to the duodenum?
|
santorini and wirsung
|
|
|
What are produced in the pancreas and delivered to the duodenum?
|
pancreatic enzymes
|
|
|
What reacts with enteropeptidase to become trypsin?
|
trypsinogen
|
|
|
What digests fat in the pancreas?
|
pancreatic lipase
|
|
|
What digests amylase in the pancreas?
|
pancreatic amylase
|
|
|
The endocrine function is secretions in blood from what?
|
islets of Langerhans
|
|
|
What do beta cells produce?
|
insulin
|
|
|
What do alpha cells produce?
|
glucagon
|
|
|
What is released when glucose is too low?
|
glucagon
|
|
|
What do delta cells produce?
|
somatostatin
|
|
|
What covers the visceral organs?
|
visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
What lines the abdominal cavity?
|
parietal peritoneum
|
|
|
What are double layers of peritoneum that connect the viscera to the dorsal body wall?
|
mesentaries
|
|
|
What is the extensions of the peritoneum between the stomach and other visceral organs?
|
omenta
|
|
|
What is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and extends over the anterior surface of the intestines?
|
greater omentum
|
|
|
What covers the visceral organs?
|
visceral peritoneum
|
|
|
What is located between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver?
|
lesser omentum
|
|
|
What lines the abdominal cavity?
|
parietal peritoneum
|
|
|
What is another name for visceral peritoneum and is continuous with the mesentery?
|
tunica serosa
|
|
|
What are double layers of peritoneum that connect the viscera to the dorsal body wall?
|
mesentaries
|
|
|
What consists of two layers of smooth muscle and is oriented in circular and longitudinal directons?
|
tunica muscularis
|
|
|
What is the extensions of the peritoneum between the stomach and other visceral organs?
|
omenta
|
|
|
What contains blood vessels and lymph vessels and is located between smooth mucscle layers and the innermost mucosal layer?
|
tunica submucosa
|
|
|
What is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach and extends over the anterior surface of the intestines?
|
greater omentum
|
|
|
What is the innermost layer of the gut?
|
tunica mucosa
|
|
|
What is located between the lesser curvature of the stomach and the liver?
|
lesser omentum
|
|
|
What is another name for visceral peritoneum and is continuous with the mesentery?
|
tunica serosa
|
|
|
What consists of two layers of smooth muscle and is oriented in circular and longitudinal directons?
|
tunica muscularis
|
|
|
What contains blood vessels and lymph vessels and is located between smooth mucscle layers and the innermost mucosal layer?
|
tunica submucosa
|
|
|
What is the innermost layer of the gut?
|
tunica mucosa
|
|
|
What are circular folds in the mucosa and submucosa that extend into the lumen of the intestine?
|
pilcae
|
|
|
What do the pilcae do to the cut?
|
increase the surface area
|
|
|
What are finger-like projections from the surface of the mucosa that extend into the lumen of the gut lumen?
|
villi
|
|
|
What do the villi do to the gut?
|
increase the surface area
|
|
|
What can be measured by its ability to do work?
|
energy
|
|
|
What is stored inactive energy?
|
potential
|
|
|
What is an example of potential energy?
|
food
|
|
|
What is energy in action?
|
kinetic
|
|
|
What is an example of kinetic energy?
|
moving
|
|
|
What are some forms of potential energy?
|
chemical, electrical, atomic
|
|
|
What are some forms of kinetic energy?
|
motion, light, and heat
|
|
|
What's the first law of thermodynamics?
|
energy can't be created or destroyed
|
|
|
What is released from organic molecules during metabolism?
|
energy
|
|
|
What is the amount of energy required to raise the termperature of one liter of water one degree Celsius?
|
kilocalorie
|
|
|
What is the amount of energy required to raise the termperature of one milliliter of water on degree celsius?
|
calorie
|
|
|
What is like money to the cell?
|
ATP
|
|
|
What consists of sugar molecules that are alone or linked together in chains?
|
carbohydrates
|
|
|
What are smallest sugars?
|
monosaccharides
|
|
|
What consist of chains of amino acids that are bonded together by peptide bonds?
|
proteins
|
|
|
What are molecules that consist of one three carbon glycerol and one, two, or three fatty acids?
|
fats
|
|
|
What is energy to ATP?
|
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
|
|
|
What is the process where oxygen is added to a molecule or hydrogen/electrons are removed from it?
|
oxidation
|
|
|
What is the removal of oxygen or the addition of hydrogen/electron to a molecule?
|
reduction
|
|
|
What are examples of reduced molecules?
|
FADH2 and NADH
|
|
|
What is the reprodcution that does not involve a change of DNA between the parent and offspring?
|
asexual
|
|
|
What is the name for producing a viable offspring without the help of a male?
|
parthenogenesis
|
|
|
What are some examples of asexual reproduction?
|
parthenogenesis and cloning
|
|
|
What is the reprodction that involves two parents and a change in DNA in the offspring that is different from either parent?
|
sexual
|
|
|
What are reproductive cells called?
|
gametes
|
|
|
Where are reproductive cells produced?
|
gonads
|
|
|
Where do males produce sperm?
|
testes
|
|
|
Where do females produce ova?
|
ovaries
|
|
|
How many sex chromosomes and autosomes do each gamete have?
|
22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
|
|
|
What is the union of a sperm and a secondary oocyte that produces a single cell embryo?
|
fertilization
|
|
|
What is a single cell embryo?
|
zygote
|
|
|
When do the gonads descend to the top of the inguinal canal?
|
28 weeks
|
|
|
What is the condition where testes don't descend into the scrotum?
|
cryptorchism
|
|
|
What is the opening in the abdominal wall through which the vas deferens, testicular artery and vein and nerves pass?
|
inguinal canal
|
|
|
Why are the gonads located outside the abdominal cavity?
|
to stay cooler
|
|
|
What is the heat exchange network of veins and arteries that lie close together so that heat from incoming arterial blood will pass into returning cooler venous blood?
|
pampiniform plexus
|
|
|
What are the tubes that are within each testis where sperm develop?
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
|
How many coiled seminiferous tubules are there per testis?
|
250
|
|
|
What is the seminiferous tubules the site of?
|
spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
|
|
|
What the cells that are located between the seminiferous tubules?
|
interstitial cells
|
|
|
What do the interstitial cells produce?
|
testosterone
|
|
|
What is the another name for sperm?
|
spermatozoa
|
|
|
How do sperm move?
|
flagellum
|
|
|
What collects sperm from the seminiferous tubules?
|
rete testis
|
|
|
What is a six meter long coiled tube that stores sperm?
|
epididymus
|
|
|
The epididymus makes up what volume of semen?
|
5%
|
|
|
What are the ducts that carry semen from teh epidiymus to the urethra during ejaculation?
|
vas deferens
|
|
|
What is a continuation of the duct beyond the vas deferens just before and while it passes through the prostate gland?
|
ejaculatory duct
|
|
|
What is the duct that carries urine from the urinary bladder through the end of the penis?
|
urethra
|
|
|
What is the semen producing gland located at the junction of the vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct?
|
seminal vesicles
|
|
|
What % or semen does the seminal vesicle produce?
|
60%
|
|
|
What is the semen producing gland located at the base of the urinary bladder?
|
prostate
|
|
|
What % of semen does the prostate gland produce?
|
30%
|
|
|
What is a semen producing gland that contains alkali to neutralize acids from urine and the vagina?
|
bulbourethral gland
|
|
|
What is the male copulatory organ?
|
penis
|
|
|
What is the head of penis?
|
glans
|
|
|
What is the foreskin of the penis?
|
prepuce
|
|
|
What is the sponge-like tissue that fills with blood during erection that has two parallel bodies that pass along the superior surface of the penis?
|
corpus cavernosum
|
|
|
What is the sponge-like tissue that fills with blood during erection that has one body that passes along the inferior surface of the penis?
|
corpus spongiosum
|
|
|
Sexual stimulation causes what to be release by parasympathetic neurons withing the penis?
|
nitric acid
|
|
|
What is the secession of erection?
|
detumescence
|
|
|
What occurs when peristalitic waves pass from the epididymus through the urethra?
|
ejaculation
|
|
|
What produces oocytes?
|
ovary
|
|
|
Primary follicles develop into what?
|
Graffian follicles
|
|
|
A Graffian follicle becomes a what after ovulation?
|
corpus luteum
|
|
|
What does the corpus luteum produce?
|
progesterone
|
|
|
What is about 10 cm long and empties in the cranio-lateral surface of the uterus?
|
oviduct
|
|
|
What is the funnel-like opening of the oviduct that wraps around part of the ovary?
|
infundibulum
|
|
|
What are the finger like appendages that scallop the edge of the infundibulum?
|
fimbriae
|
|
|
What is the bulky middle smooth muscle region of the uterus?
|
myometrium
|
|
|
What muscle expels the fetus during labor?
|
myometrium
|
|
|
What is the outermost layer of the uterus?
|
perimetrium
|
|
|
What is the dome shpaed cranial part of the uterus?
|
fundus
|
|
|
What is the larges region of the uterus between the fundus and the isthmus?
|
body
|
|
|
What is the narrow region next to the cervix?
|
isthmus
|
|
|
What is the outlet of the uterus which opens into the vagina?
|
cervix
|
|
|
The cervical canal opens into the uterus through what?
|
internal os
|
|
|
The cervical canal opens into the vagina through what?
|
external os
|
|
|
The walls of the cervical canal contain what?
|
cervical canals
|
|
|
What are the pockets around the cervix in the vagina?
|
fornix
|
|
|
What implantaions are located in abnormal places?
|
ectopic
|
|
|
What is the femal copulatory organ?
|
vagina
|
|
|
What are the layers of the vagina?
|
adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa
|
|
|
What is the perineum that is a diamond shpaed area bounded by the pubic symphysis anteriorly?
|
vulva
|
|
|
What are hair covered fatty skin folds that are the homologue to the scrotumin the male?
|
labia majora
|
|
|
What is the hairless skin folds medial to the labia majora?
|
labia minora
|
|
|
What is the female homologous structure to the penis thatis partially covered by a prepuce?
|
clitoris
|
|
|
What is posterior to the clitoris?
|
urethral orifice
|
|
|
What is posterior to the urethral orifice?
|
vaginal orifice
|
|
|
What is a highly vascularized membrane that covers the external opening of the vagina in virgins?
|
hymen
|
|
|
What are located on each side of the vaginal orifice that release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication?
|
Bartholin's glands
|
|
|
What is the name for the changes in the ovary during a monthly cycle?
|
ovarian cycle
|
|
|
What are the endometrial changes during a monthly cycle in nonpregnant females?
|
menstrual cycle
|
|
|
What is the innermost lining of the uterus?
|
endometrium
|
|
|
What stimulates primary follicle cells to divide and push their oocyte into development?
|
follicle stimulation hormone
|
|
|
What targets the cells that surround the follicle cells to produce androgen?
|
luteinizing hormone
|
|
|
What maintins the corpus luteum and stimulates lactation after birth?
|
prolactin
|
|
|
What is released from the ovary druing the first half of the cycle that has negative feedback affect on the adenohypophysis?
|
estrogen
|
|
|
What is produced in the corpus luteum and signals the endometrium to remain intact?
|
progesterone
|
|
|
How long is the menstrual cycle?
|
28 days
|
|
|
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?
|
menstrual phase, preovulatory phase, and postovulatory phase
|
