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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is located on the top of the brain stem?
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Mesencephalon
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Where is the mesencephalon located?
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between the thalamus and the pons
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The mesencephalon is connected to the cerebrum by what?
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cerebral peduncles
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The mesencephalon is connected to the cerebellum by what?
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cerebellar peduncles
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What is the channel between the third and fourth ventricles?
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iter
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What passes through the iter?
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cerebral spinal fluid
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What are "quadruplets" that bulge from the top of the midbrain?
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corpora quadregemina
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What are the two superior bulges of the corpora that coordinate eye movements?
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superior colliculi
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What are the two inferior bulges that relay hearing reception to the cerebrum?
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inferior colliculi
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What causes the startle reflex that causes your head to quickly orient on certain sounds?
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inferior colliculi
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What is located inside the midbrain and is dark?
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substantia nigra
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What does the substantia nigra contain that causes it to be dark?
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melanin
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What is a precurser to to dopamine?
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melanin
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What cranial nerves are associated with Parkinson's disease?
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3 and 4
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What consists of the pons and cerebellum?
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metencephalon
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What is made of tracts that pass from higher brain parts to the spinal cord?
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pons
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What is the pons connected to the cerebellum by?
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cerebellar peduncles
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What cranial nerves enter and exit the pons?
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5, 6, 7, and 8
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What is the second largest part of the brain?
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cerebellum
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What is the cerebellum separated from the cerebrum by?
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transverse fissure
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What does the cerebellum contain?
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2 lateral hemispheres and a central vermis
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What is the coordination of body movement?
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proprioception
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What is it called when the left side controls the left side?
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ipsilateral
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What are the functions of the cerebellum?
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proprioception, maintains balance, posture and equilibirum, and ipsilateral
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What is part of the brain stem and is between the pons and the spinal cord?
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medulla oblongata
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Which ventricle is within the medulla?
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fourth ventricle
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Fibers cross-over from left to right and right to left within pyramids which is also called?
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pyramidal decussation
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What control breathing?
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repiratory center
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What control heart rate?
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cardiac center
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What controls vessel contriction and dilation?
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vasomotor center
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What is the state of being dilated?
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dilatation
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What is a violent expulsion of air from the mouth resulting from rapid expiratory muscle contractions with the glottis open?
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coughing
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Coughing follows the irritation of what?
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pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
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Coughing is innervated by sensory stimulus through what cranial nerves?
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9 and 10
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What is like coughing with the mouth closed?
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sneezing
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When you sneeze, the glottis is open and the soft palate closes the _____ (the opening into the throat)?
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fauces
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Sneezing is caused by an irritation to the what?
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nasal epithelium or viewing bright light
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What cranial nerve is involved in sneezing?
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5
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What are repeated, involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm with sudden closure of the epiglottis?
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hiccups
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What is the earliest hiccups can begin?
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5th month of featl life
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What cranial nerve is involved in hiccups?
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10
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What is a deep breath with the mouth wide open which probably results from bryain hypoxia and is contagious?
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yawning
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What is the result when there is not enough oxygen in the brain?
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brain hypoxia
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What is a forceful ejection of stomach contents resulting from irriation to the heart, uterus, gall bladder, appendix, and mucous membranes?
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vomiting
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What is another name for vomiting?
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emesis
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What cranial nerves are involved in vomiting?
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1, 2, 7, 8, 9, and 10
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Vomiting can by induced by what?
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sight, odor, motion and taste
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What is a functional division of the brain that consists of the brain that consists of parts from the medulla, pons, midbrain, and cerebrum?
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reticular formation
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What does the reticular formation do?
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adjust muscle contraction, tone, balance, and posture, and coordinates vision and hearing
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What is one route by which pain pathways reach the brain. It is the origin of descending analgesic pathways with partially blocks the trasmission of pain to the brain?
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pain modulation
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What functions in brain arousal?
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reticular activating system
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What is the wakefulness center?
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reticular activating system
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What filters out most information it receives and only sends important information to the cerebrum by way of the thalamus?
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reticular activating system
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What prevents much of the filtering of the brain and causes sensory overload?
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LSD
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What is part of the CNS and major reflex center?
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spinal cord
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What is the outermost, tough, layer that is not attached to bones of the spine?
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dura mater
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What is filled with fat and vessels and lies between dura and bone?
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epidural space
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What is the middle layer of the spine and also extends into the coccyx?
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arachnoid mater
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What is between the arachnoid layer and pia mater that contains cerebrospinal fluid?
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subarachnoid space
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What is the layer that lies against the spinal cord and is called the gentle mother?
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pia mater
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The pia mater extends from the end of the spinal cord into the coccyx as a long filament called what?
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filum terminale
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What is the job of filum terminale?
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anchor the spinal cord
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What is the shape of the spinal cord?
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oval with anterior median vissure and posterior median sulcus
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What contains cerebrospinal fluid and is located in the center of the spinal cord?
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central canal
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What part of the spinal cord gray matter contains axons of somatic sensory neurons and axons of visceral sensory neurons and perikarya of interneurons?
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dorsal horns
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What part of the spinal cord gray matter contains somatic motor neurons?
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ventral horns
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What part of the spinal cord contains visceral motor neurons?
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lateral horn
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What surrounds the spinal cord gray matter and contains ascending, descending, and transverse nerve tracts?
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white matter
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What word means towards head?
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ascending
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What words means towards feet?
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descending
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Ascending, descending, and transverse nerve tracts are divided into what three major divisions?
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posterior funiculus, lateral funiculus, and anterior funiculus
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What division is all sensory and is sensory to lower body parts, pain and visceral vibrations?
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posterior funiculus
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What division is sensory for muscles and motor for arms and legs?
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lateral funiculus
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What division is sensory for light and touch and motor for arms and legs?
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anterior funiculus
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What enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root?
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sensory neurons
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What exit the spinal cord through the ventral root?
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motor neurons
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How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccogyeal nerves are there?
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cervical= 8
thoracic= 12 lumbar= 5 sacral= 5 coccogyeal= 1 |
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What are the layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord?
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meninges
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What layers is the dura mater subdivided into?
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periosteal and meningeal
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What is the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater compared to?
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pia= latex rubber glove
arachnoid= crocheted mitten dura= leather glove |
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What extends between brain parts to form partitions?
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dural septa
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What extends between the two cerebral hemispheres within the longitudinal fissure?
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falx cerebri
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What runs along the vermis of the of the cerebellum?
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falx cerebelli
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What is a horizontal plate of dura that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
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tentorium cerebelli
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What is the innermost menix which is thin and transparent?
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pia mater
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What is the space between the dura and arachnoid layers and contains a film of fluid and veins in some places?
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subdural space
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What can occur in the subdural space that is the cause of low pressure of blood?
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subdural hematoma
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What is between the arachnoid and pia mater and contains cerebrospinal fluid and arteris in some places?
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subarachnoid space
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What can occur in subarachnoid space that is the cause of cerebral hemorrhage?
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subarachnoid hematoma
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What is the inflammation of the meninges?
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meningitis
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What extends between brain parts to form partitions?
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dural septa
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What extends between the two cerebral hemispheres within the longitudinal fissure?
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falx cerebri
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What runs along the vermis of the of the cerebellum?
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falx cerebelli
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What is a horizontal plate of dura that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
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tentorium cerebelli
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What is the innermost menix which is thin and transparent?
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pia mater
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What is the space between the dura and arachnoid layers and contains a film of fluid and veins in some places?
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subdural space
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What can occur in the subdural space that is the cause of low pressure of blood?
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subdural hematoma
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What is between the arachnoid and pia mater and contains cerebrospinal fluid and arteris in some places?
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subarachnoid space
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What can occur in subarachnoid space that is the cause of cerebral hemorrhage?
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subarachnoid hematoma
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What is the inflammation of the meninges?
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meningitis
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What is a small channel filled with CSF that runs through the center of the spinal cord?
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central canal
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What are the four different CSF filled chambers within the brain?
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ventricles
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What ventricles are located within each cerebral hemisphere and what are they called?
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1 and 2; lateral cerebral ventricles
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What ventricle is within the diencephalon?
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3
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What is the tiny canal within the midbrain that allows CSF to pass from the third to fourth ventricles?
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iter
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What is located between the 3rd and 4th ventricles?
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iter
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What is the chamber within the metencephalon and myelencephalon?
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fourth ventricle
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Who suggested that CSF was the substance that controlled life functions?
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Galen
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Who made lost wax casts of the brain ventricles of an ox and essentially agreed with Galen's suggestion of the value of CSF.
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Who described a mechanism by which CSF controlled the processes of the nervous system?
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Rene Descartes
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What is the "cauliflower-like" capillary mass located in each of the brain ventricles which produces CSF?
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choroid plexus
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What is present in blood and passed through the capillary walls of the choroid plexus into brain ventricles?
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CSF
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CSF exits through the dorsal wall and into the subarachnoid space and then passes through what into venous sinus within the subdural space?
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arachnoid villi
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What part of the PNS is innervated by cranial nerves and spinal nerves?
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somatic
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What cranial nerve is the sensory for smell?
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olfactory
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Where does the olfactory nerve impulse travel through?
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cribiform plate
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Is olfactory nerve motor or sensory?
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sensory
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What cranial nerve is sensory for vision?
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optic
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Where does the optic nerve impulse travel through?
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optic foramen
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What cranial nerve is motor for four extrinsic eye muscles?
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oculomotor
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What nerve innervates the superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and the inferior oblique muscles?
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oculomotor
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Where does the oculomotor nerve exit?
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superior orbital fissure
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What cranial nerve is motor for the superior oblique muscle of the eye?
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trochlear
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Where does the trochelar nerve pass through?
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superior orbital fissure
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What cranial nerve is sensory and motor and has three branches?
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trigeminal
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What branch of the trigeminal has fibers that run from the face to the pons through the superior orbital fissure?
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opthalmic branch
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What branch of the trigeminal has fibers that run from the face to the pons through the foramen rotundum?
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maxillary branch
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What branch of the trigeminal has fibers that run from the face to the pons through the foramen ovale?
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mandibular branch
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What cranial nerve exits the brain cavity through the internal acoustic meatus and exits through the stylomasotoid foramen?
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facial
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What disease does CN 7 (Facial) have to do with?
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Bell's Palzy
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What cranial nerve exits the brain cavity through the jugular foramen and is sensory for taste buds on the posterior part of the tongue, parts of the pharynx, and the carotid bodies?
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glossopharyngeal
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What cranial nerve is the vagrant nerve and is both sensory and motor to organs of the viscera?
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vagus
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What cranial nerve exits the skull through the jugular foramen?
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spinal accessory
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What cranial nerve is sensory and motor to muscles of the tongue?
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hypoglossal
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What is a bruise on the brain of bleeding of meningeal spaces?
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hematoma
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What is the name for when the middle meningeal artery ruptures?
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epidermal hematoma
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What cranial nerves are strictly sensory?
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CN 1 and 2
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What cranial nerves are motor and sensory?
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3-12
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What cranial nerve helps in shrugging shoulers?
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11
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What cranial nerves follow light with the eye?
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3, 4, 6
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What opens the eyelids?
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levator palpebrae superious
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What tell whether muscles are stretched or not?
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proprioceptors
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How do you test the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve?
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clenching teeth
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What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?
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temporal, zygomatic, mandibular, cervical, buckle
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What causes salivation?
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autonomic
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What has to do with pressure receptors, carbon dioxide, BP and gas level?
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carotid sinus
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What is snail shaped and has to do with hearing?
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cochlea
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How do you test the facial nerve?
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talking to the person and their ability to stand
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How do you tesy your spinal accessory nerve?
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shrug your shoulders and turn your head
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Where does the hypoglossal go?
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comes off medulla through hypoglossal canal
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What arise segmentally from the spinal cord with the dorsal root being sensory and the ventral root being motor?
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spinal nerves
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
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31
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What grows faster than the spinal cord during development and grows away from the spinal cord and looks like a horses tail?
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cauda equina
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What is an anastomosing network of spinal nerves?
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plexus
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What join together to form nerves that innervate the neck and arm?
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cervical plexus
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What join to form nerves that innervate the arm?
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brachial plexus
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What makes up the cervical plexus?
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C 1,2,3,4,5
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What makes up the brachial plexus?
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C 4,5,6,7,8 and T 1
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What joins together to form nerves that innervate the hips and legs?
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lumbar plexus
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What makes up the lumbar plexus?
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T 12 and L 1,2,3,4
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What joins together to form nerves innervate the leg?
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sacral plexus
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What makes up the sacral plexus?
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L 4,5 and S 1,2,3,4
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What is located in the sacral plexus?
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ciatic nerve
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Neurons enter and exit the spinal cord through what?
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dorsal and ventral roots
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Sensory nerves toward the spinal cord go through what?
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dorsal root
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Motor nerves away from the spinal cord go through what?
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ventral root
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What is the pathway by which sensory neurons bring depolarization waves into the spinal cord through the dorsal root to stimulated interneurons?
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relex arc
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What is the reflex arc?
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protective mechanism
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What is a map of the body showing segments of skin, innervated by specific spinal nerves?
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dermatomes
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What is an involuntary part of the nervous system?
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autonomic nervous system
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Sympathetic nerves exit the CNS through what region of the spinal cord?
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thoracolumbar
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Stimulus to organs by sympathetic neurons causes what?
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increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, vasoconstriction of skin capillaries
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Parasympathetic nerves exit the CNS through what regions?
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craniosacral pathways
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What cranial nerves and spinal nerves are involved in the parasympathetic system?
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CN 3,7,9,10 and SN S 2,3,4
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Stimulus to organs by parasympathetic neurons causes what?
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decrease in heart rate, force of contraction, decrease in blood pressure, vasodilation of skin capillaries, incresed blood clotting time
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Each ANS nerve consists of what?
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two neurons, preganglionic and postganglionic neuron
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What is the one exception in the ANS nerve structure?
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sympathetic neuron to the adrenal medulla
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What is a pathway of nerves between spinal nerves and sympathetic chain ganglia?
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ramus communicans
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Each ramus communicans has what?
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two roots, one with preganglionic myelinated fibers and one with postganglionic nonmyelinated fibers
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What are the three types of ganglia?
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sympathetic chain ganglia, prevertebral ganglia, and terminal ganglion
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What ganglia are only found in the sympathetic division of the ANS?
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sympathetic chain ganglia
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How many sympathetic chain ganglia lie along vertebrae?
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22 pairs
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What ganglia are sympathetic nerves only are sometimes called an autonomic plexus?
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prevertebral ganglia
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Where are prevertebral ganglia located?
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anterior to vertebrae, near large arteries
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What ganglia are parasympathetic only?
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terminal ganglion
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Where are the perikaryons of terminal ganglion located?
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mass or very close to the organ that the nerve is innervating
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Where are terminal ganglion located?
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surface of the heart, lung, liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancrea, small and large intestines, rectum genitalia, and urinary bladder
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What is the name where preganglionic neurons exit spinal nerves in the thoracolumbar region and pass through a white ramus communicans to a sympathetic chain ganglion?
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sympathetic pathways
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The preganglionic neurons that do not synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglion pass through and synapse with a postsganglionic neuron where?
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prevertebral ganglion
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Sympathetic neurons that stimulate the adrenal medulla are what?
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preganglionic only
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During embryonic development the adrenlla medulla forms from what?
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embryonic sympathetic chain ganglion
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Where do neurons from CN 3,7, and 9 go?
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terminal ganglia that are located near the organ to be innervated
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Where do neurons from CN 10 and sacral neurons go?
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terminal ganglia that are located on the surface of the organ innervated
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What is the function of the hippocampus?
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memory
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