Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is an electrochemical wave of conduction that enters the axon of a neuron and stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter?
|
impulse transmission
|
|
|
Why is the net charge positive outside and negative inside?
|
more cations outside and anions inside
|
|
|
How is the net charge maintained?
|
sodium-potassium pump
|
|
|
What is happening when a gate allows sodium to pass through, but not potassium?
|
sodium channels open
|
|
|
What is happening when the movement of sodium into the cell stops when the sodium gates close?
|
inactivaiton gates close
|
|
|
What is happening when the potassium channels open their gates as the sodium channels are closing theirs?
This allows potassium to pass through but not sodium. |
potassium channels open
|
|
|
What is a period of time during which a cell membrane will not respond at all or will not respond to a typical stimulus?
|
refractory period
|
|
|
What is the time when the sodium gates are open, during which the cell will absolutely not respond to another stimulus?
|
absolute refractory period
|
|
|
How long does the absolute refractory period last in neurons?
|
0.4 msec
|
|
|
How long does the absolute refractory period last in hear muscle?
|
250 msec
|
|
|
What is the time after the sodium gates have closed, but while the potassium gates are still open and will not respond unless it is stimulated with an unusually large stimulus?
|
relative refractory period
|
|
|
Are muscles slower or faster than nerves?
|
slower
|
|
|
Are myelinated fibers faster or slower than non-myelinated fibers?
|
faster
|
|
|
What is the diameter and impulse rate of a myelinated fiber?
|
20 microns, 150 m/sec
|
|
|
What is the diameter and impulse rate of a non-myelinated fiber?
|
10 microns, 60 m/sec
|
|
|
What is the communication gap between two cells?
|
synapse
|
|
|
What is the process that makes the impulse pass more easily from one neuron to a receptor cell?
|
facilitation
|
|
|
What is the process that makes an impulse pass less easily from one neuron to a receptor cell?
|
inhibition
|
|
|
What are some examples of facilitators?
|
caffeine, amphetamines, alkalosis
|
|
|
What are some examples of inhibition?
|
opium, morphine, acidosis, asprin, endorphins
|
|
|
What is the normal pH?
|
7.35-7.45
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter stimulates muscle contraction when released by motor neurons into the synapse?
|
acetylcholine
|
|
|
What is "dirt cheap"?
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
|
Ach is degraded in the synapse by whay enzyme?
|
acetylcholinesterase
|
|
|
What is that neurotransmitter that is released by sympathetic neurons of the ANS and released by the adrenal medulla?
|
norepinephrine
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter functions to change emotion and complex muscle movements?
|
dopamine
|
|
|
What are norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine?
|
catecholamine
|
|
|
What is in short supply in somebody with Parkinson's disease?
|
dopamine
|
|
|
With what disease are patients given dopamine inhibitors because the disease causes over-stimulation rather than inhibition of motor functions?
|
Huntington's Disease
|
|
|
What is Dopamine sometimes called?
|
"feeling good" neurotransmitter
|
|
|
The use of what can deplete the brain of its dopamine?
|
cocaine
|
|
|
What is the good stuff that sweeps you off your feet?
|
PEA
|
|
|
What is a brain neurotransmitter that influences moods, sensory perception and sleep?
|
serotonin
|
|
|
What is an amino acid, is inhibitory in the CNS, and opens chloride channels?
|
GABA
|
|
|
What is the "stroke neurotransmitter"?
|
glutamic acid
|
|
|
What is the name for when blood can't flow into tissue?
|
brain ischemia
|
|
|
How much does a male brain weigh?
|
1600 g
|
|
|
How much does a femal brain weigh?
|
1450 g
|
|
|
At what age is the brain at it's maximum size?
|
20
|
|
|
What is the most cranial embryonic region that gives rise to the cerebrum?
|
telencephalon
|
|
|
What are the visible ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
|
gyri
|
|
|
What are the visible grooves on the surface of the cerebrum?
|
sulci
|
|
|
What is a deep grrove on the surface of the brain?
|
fissure
|
|
|
What was established by Korbinian and subdivided into 52 different areas?
|
Brodman's Area
|
|
|
What control neuron impulses that move away from the brain?
|
motor
|
|
|
What receive impulses from the body?
|
sensory
|
|
|
What integrate information?
|
association
|
|
|
What area of the frontal lobe is responsible for motor movement?
|
primary motor cortex
|
|
|
The primary motor cortex is made of large neurons called what?
|
pyramidal cells
|
|
|
What part of the primary motor cortex provides conscious control of skeletal muscles?
|
pyramidal cells
|
|
|
Pyramidal cells have axons that extend to the spinal cord called what?
|
pyramidal tracts
|
|
|
What controls voluntary muscle activity and is called the little man?
|
homunculus
|
|
|
What is the region that allows us to learn repetitious motor skills?
|
premotor cortex
|
|
|
What is the term for the right side of the brain controlling the left side of the brain and vice versa?
|
contralateral control
|
|
|
What was discovered by Pierre Paul Broca?
|
Broca's Area
|
|
|
What does the Broca's Are control?
|
motor speech
|
|
|
What is located superior to Broca's Area and controls voluntary eye movement?
|
frontal eye field
|
|
|
What contains neurons for conscious intellect which include activities like reasoning, judgement, planning, conscience, and perosnaity?
|
prefrontal cortex
|
|
|
What is associated with prefrontal cortex?
|
personality
|
|
|
Who was the person that had a tamp rod go through his face?
|
Phineus Gage
|
|
|
What region is the sensory perception to the body?
|
primary somatosensory cortex
|
|
|
What region integrates sensory information and produces an understanding of what the sensory input means?
|
somatosensory association cortex
|
|
|
What is located near the bottom of the post central gyrus and has to do with the tongue, pharyns, and taste?
|
gustatory cortex
|
|
|
What is the area where spoken language is understood and functions in sounding out unfamiliar words?
|
Wernicke's Area
|
|
|
What are receives impulses from the retina?
|
Primary visual cortex
|
|
|
What interprets visual stimuli? What you really see.
|
visual association area
|
|
|
What is hard wired to the emotional brain?
|
olfactory cortex
|
|
|
What is located deep to the temporal lobe and lateral fissure?
|
insula
|
|
|
What part of the brain has to do with equilibrium?
|
vestibular cortex
|
|
|
What area provides conscious persepction of stimuli from visceral organs?
|
visceral association
|
|
|
What is composed of nonmyelinated neurons and covers the cerebrum as gray matter six cells deep?
|
cortex
|
|
|
What consist of masses of neurons deep inside the cerebrum?
|
basal nuclei
|
|
|
What are other nuclei that are associated with the basal nuclei?
|
substantia nigra and subthalmic nucleus
|
|
|
What are the major parts of the basal nuclei?
|
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
|
|
|
Substantia nigra, subthalmic nucleus, and basal nuclei function to control complex patterns of what?
|
motor activity
|
|
|
What results from lesions in the substantia nigra, characterized by tremors and akinesia?
|
Parkinson's disease
|
|
|
What form lesions in the putamen, which leads to flicking movements in the hands, face and body parts?
|
Chorea
|
|
|
What consists of myelinated fibers that pass through the nervous system between gray matters?
|
white matter
|
|
|
What are the fluid filled spaces within the cerebral hemispheres?
|
right and left ventricles
|
|
|
What is the division of labor between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
|
lateralization
|
|
|
What side of the brain is good at spatial concepts, intiuition, recongnizing faces, artistic and decides whether or not your clothes match?
|
right side
|
|
|
What are made of axons that carry impulses from one part of the brain or spinal cord to anothe?
|
tracts
|
|
|
What interconnects the cerebral cortex with lower brain centers and the spinal cord?
|
projection tracts
|
|
|
What is the major projection tract that passes in between the globus pallidus and the thalamus?
|
internal capsule
|
|
|
What interconnect neurons that are located within the same hemisphere?
|
association tracts
|
|
|
What interconnect the right hemisphere with the left hemisphere?
|
commisural tract
|
|
|
What is the largest commissure?
|
corpus callosum
|
|
|
What enters the cerebral hemisphere at the base of the optic tract?
|
olfactory nerve
|
|
|
What are the three parts of the diencephalon?
|
thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
|
|
|
What does the diencephalon contain that looks like a ram head?
|
third ventricle
|
|
|
What is the largest part of the diencephalon?
|
thalamus
|
|
|
What is the relay station for sensory reception?
|
thalamus
|
|
|
What is the "clearinghouse" of the brain?
|
thalamus
|
|
|
What is the visceral control center of the body?
|
hypothlamus
|
|
|
They hypothalamus has two what located at the posterior end of the third ventricle?
|
mammillary bodies
|
|
|
What is mind over body?
|
psychosomatics
|
|
|
The sleep and waking cycles are controlled by what?
|
suprachiasmatic nucleus
|
|
|
Where is the apetite center located?
|
ventromedial nucleus
|
|
|
What come from parietal cells in the stomach and makes you hungry?
|
Ghrelin
|
|
|
What is in control of maintaining body temperature?
|
preoptic nucleus
|
|
|
Thirst and water balance are controlled by what?
|
osmoreceptors
|
|
|
What hormones do the hypothalamus produce?
|
oxytocin and ADH
|
|
|
What is a vascular network that produces CSF?
|
choroid plexus
|
|
|
What secretes melatonin?
|
pineal body
|
|
|
What hormone induces sleep?
|
melatonin
|
|
|
What is the third eye in some reptiles?
|
pineal body
|
|
|
What is the emotional or affective part of the brain?
|
limbic system
|
|
|
Assessment of danger and elicitation of a fear is processed where?
|
amygdyla
|
