Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the largest organ in the body?
|
skin
|
|
|
What are the layers of skin?
|
epidermis and dermis
|
|
|
What is the thinner layer of the skin?
|
epidermis
|
|
|
What is the top layer of the skin?
|
epidermis
|
|
|
What is the thicker layer of the skin?
|
dermis
|
|
|
What is the deeper layer of skin?
|
dermis
|
|
|
What is used to estimate the percentage of skin damaged in a burn victim?
|
Rules of Nine
|
|
|
What percentage of skin does your arm have?
|
9%
|
|
|
What percentage of skin does the front half of your leg have?
|
9%
|
|
|
What percentage of skin does your head have?
|
9%
|
|
|
What percentage of your skin does your anterior thorax and abdomen have?
|
18%
|
|
|
What percentage of your skin does your back have?
|
18%
|
|
|
What percentage of your skin does your perineum have?
|
1%
|
|
|
What are the functions of skin?
|
protection, sensory, storage, synthesis, and excretion
|
|
|
What types of things does your skin protect you against?
|
dehydration, pathogenic microorganisms, ultra-violet radiation, mechanical contacts, and temperature changes
|
|
|
What do humans have that helps insulate the body from heat and cold?
|
subcutaneous fat
|
|
|
The sensations like touch, pain, pressure, hot and cold are detected by what?
|
receptors
|
|
|
What is stored in skin?
|
fat
|
|
|
What does skin excrete?
|
urea, salts, and water
|
|
|
What is synthesized in the skin?
|
vitamin D
|
|
|
The epidermis consists of how many layers?
|
20-30 layers
|
|
|
Where is the epidermis derived from?
|
embryonic layer
|
|
|
What layer of the epidermis is also called the horny layer?
|
stratum corneum
|
|
|
What does the layer stratum corneum contain that is waterproof?
|
keratin
|
|
|
What the second layer of the epidermis?
|
stratum lucidum
|
|
|
What layer of the epidermis is only located in thick skin?
|
stratum lucidum
|
|
|
What is the third layer of the epidermis?
|
stratum granulosum
|
|
|
What does the layer stratum granulosum contain?
|
keratohyaline
|
|
|
What is the fourth layer of the epidermis?
|
stratum spinosum
|
|
|
What layer of the epidermis is also the prickle cell layer?
|
stratum spinosum
|
|
|
What layer of the epidermis is the regenerative layer?
|
stratum basale
|
|
|
What is the fifth layer of the epidermis?
|
stratum basale
|
|
|
What does the layer stratum basale contain?
|
melanocytes
|
|
|
What is the sixth layer of the epidermis?
|
basement membrane
|
|
|
The epidermis provides what to the skin?
|
nourishment
|
|
|
What is the brown pigment in animals and produced by melanocytes in deep layers of human epidermis?
|
melanin
|
|
|
What is cancer in a melanocyte called?
|
melanoma
|
|
|
How do you tell if a mole is a melanocyte?
|
asymmetrical, border, color, diameter
|
|
|
What damages DNA making it unable to repair itself?
|
UV-B
|
|
|
What inhibits the repair of damaged DNA?
|
UV-A
|
|
|
What is the dermis made up of?
|
dense irregular connective tissue
|
|
|
Where is the dermis derived from?
|
embryonic mesoderm
|
|
|
What does the dermis contain?
|
vessels and nerves
|
|
|
What is the top layer of the dermis?
|
papillary
|
|
|
Where is the papillary layer of the dermis located?
|
next to the basement membrane
|
|
|
What is the name for a blood vessel tumor or birthmark that disappears with age?
|
capillary hemangioma
|
|
|
What is the second layer of the dermis?
|
reticular
|
|
|
The reticular layer of the dermis contains what?
|
sweat glands
|
|
|
Smoking causes what which damages many tissues?
|
hypoxia
|
|
|
What is a birthmark that does not go away with time?
|
cavernous hemangioma
|
|
|
What is another name for cavernous hemangioma?
|
port wine birthmark
|
|
|
What means beneath the dermis?
|
hypodermis
|
|
|
The hypodermis consists mostly of what?
|
areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
|
|
|
What type of gland is located in all of the skin?
|
sweat glands
|
|
|
Whay type of sweat gland secretes sweat in a merocrine mechanism to cool the body?
|
eccrine
|
|
|
What type of sweat gland cools the body and helps wash pathogens away?
|
eccrine
|
|
|
What type of sweat gland has a cloudy secretion that contains organic substances?
|
apocrine
|
|
|
Where are apocrine glands abundant at?
|
axilla, groin, and around the nipples
|
|
|
What gland is a modified apocrine gland?
|
mammary gland
|
|
|
What gland produces ear wax?
|
ceruminous gland
|
|
|
What gland secretes sebum into hair follicles?
|
sebaceous
|
|
|
What can sebaceous glands become?
|
white heads then black heads then pimples
|
|
|
What lies within the tarsal plate?
|
meibomian
|
|
|
What is an inflamed tarsal gland?
|
chalazion
|
|
|
What are more like typical sebaceous glands and are located along the lash line of upper and lower lids?
|
ciliary glands
|
|
|
What gland moistens lashes?
|
ciliary gland
|
|
|
What is another name for a ciliary gland?
|
zeis
|
|
|
What is an inflamed ciliary gland caused by bacteria?
|
hordeolum
|
|
|
What gland forms a sty?
|
hordeolum
|
|
|
What is the first phase of hair growth?
|
anagen phase
|
|
|
What is the second phase of hair growth?
|
catagen phase
|
|
|
What phase of hair growth is when growth slows down?
|
catagen phase
|
|
|
What is the final phase of hair growth?
|
telogen phase
|
|
|
What phase of hair growth is when there is no growth at all?
|
telogen phase
|
|
|
What is the color of the ball at the end of the hair when it is ready to fall out?
|
white
|
|
|
What is the color of the ball at the end of the hair when it is not ready to fall out?
|
black
|
|
|
What is the structure of the hair that is the hard outer keratinized layer?
|
cuticle
|
|
|
What is the structure of the hair that is the inner 'tube' of cells deep to the cuticle?
|
cortex
|
|
|
What layer of hair may be loaded with pigment?
|
cortex
|
|
|
What is the inner core of each hair?
|
medulla
|
|
|
What part of the hair dips deep into the dermis even though it is derived from the epidermal layer?
|
follicle
|
|
|
What does the follicle consist of?
|
shaft, root, papilla, sebaceous gland
|
|
|
What is another name for nail?
|
ungulate
|
|
|
What is the nail bed made of?
|
modified stratum basale
|
|
|
What is the soft tissue under the leading edge of a nail?
|
hyponychium
|
|
|
What is the anatomical name for the cuticle?
|
eponychium
|
|
|
What is arching away from the cuticle and is the lighter zone?
|
lunula
|
|
|
How many bones are in the skeletal system?
|
206-210
|
|
|
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
|
support, movement, protection, mineral storage, hemopoiesis
|
|
|
What class lever has the fulcrum in the center?
|
class 1
|
|
|
What class lever has the resistance in the middle?
|
class 2
|
|
|
What class lever has the energy in the center?
|
class 3
|
|
|
What is an example as a class 1 lever?
|
scissors or teeter totter
|
|
|
What class lever is an example of the triceps contracting to extend the arm?
|
class 1
|
|
|
What is an example of a class 2 lever?
|
wheelbarrow
|
|
|
What class lever is an example of the gastrocnemius lifting the body on the ball of the foot?
|
class 2
|
|
|
What is an example of a class 3 lever?
|
forceps
|
|
|
What class lever is an example of the biceps contracting to flex the elbow?
|
class 3
|
|
|
What is a blood cell formation which occurs in red bone marrow?
|
hemopoiesis
|
|
|
What is the body of the bone?
|
diaphysis
|
|
|
What is the name for both ends of the bone?
|
epiphysis
|
|
|
What is the line between the diaphysis and epiphysis?
|
epiphyseal line
|
|
|
What is the cartilage plate between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during the time when the bone is growing?
|
epiphyseal plate
|
|
|
What means "without cartilage formation" and is something that individuals with shorter legs have?
|
achondroplasia
|
|
|
What is a special name for the spongy bone in the flat skull bones?
|
diploe
|
|
|
What is easily recongnized by the presence of osteons?
|
compact
|
|
|
What surrounds the outer part of the bone?
|
periosteum
|
|
|
What layer of the periosteum contains sharpey's fibers?
|
inner layer
|
|
|
What lines the meduallary cavity and contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
|
endosteum
|
|
|
What erodes bones as the bones grow?
|
osteoclasts
|
|
|
What are passage ways through which blood vessels pass and looks like pinholes all over the bone?
|
nutrient foramina
|
|
|
What contains blood, arteries, veins, lymphy vein nerves?
|
Haverisan Canal
|
|
|
What interconnects Haversian canals?
|
Volkmann's Canal
|
|
|
What is the chamber where the cells live?
|
lacunae
|
|
|
What lives inside the lacunae?
|
osteocytes
|
|
|
What are the tiny canals that interconnect lacunae?
|
canaliculi
|
|
|
What type of bone forms from mesoderm?
|
intramembranous bone
|
|
|
What type of bone is cartilage bone?
|
endochondral bone
|
|
|
What bone forms after cartilage?
|
endochondral bone
|
|
|
What membrane surrounds cartilage?
|
perichondrium
|
|
|
What does perichondrium become?
|
periosteum
|
|
|
What is the name for the first region to form bone and is the diaphysis in long bone?
|
primary ossificatoin center
|
|
|
What is the name for the center that develops in the epiphysis of long bones after birth?
|
secondary ossification center
|
|
|
What influences bone mass?
|
gravity and muscular forces
|
|
|
What can increase bone density?
|
exercise
|
|
|
What hormone is from the adenohypophysis?
|
growth hormone
|
|
|
What is another name for growth hormone?
|
anterior lobe of the pituitary
|
|
|
What is released when serum rises too high?
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
What decreases osteoclast activity while stimulating osteocytes to deposit calcium?
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
Where is calcitonin released from?
|
thyroid
|
|
|
What stimulates osteoclasts causing them to decalsify bones?
|
parathormone
|
|
|
Where does parathormone come from?
|
parathyroid
|
|
|
What is necessary for calcium absorption in the gut?
|
vitamin D
|
|
|
What disease can you get because of the lack of Vitamin D?
|
rickets
|
|
|
What is the bad or diseased formation of bones?
|
dyplasia
|
|
|
What is the term associated with bone growth that means without formation?
|
aplasia
|
|
|
What is term associated with bone growth that means not enough formation?
|
hypoplasia
|
|
|
What is the term associated with bone growth that means too much formation?
|
hyperplasia
|
|
|
How many bones are in the skull?
|
29
|
|
|
How many cranial bones are there?
|
8
|
|
|
How many facial bones are there?
|
14
|
|
|
How many orbital bones are there?
|
7
|
|
|
How many ossicles bones are there?
|
6
|
|
|
How many hyoid bones are there?
|
1
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 1, where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
olfactory, cribiform plate, sense of smell
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 2, where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
optic, optic foramen, photoreceptor
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 3, where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
oculomotor, superior orbital fissure, move extrinsic eye muscles
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 4, where does it come from and what is it't job?
|
trochlear, superior orbital fissure, move extrinsic eye muscles
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 5, it's 3 parts?
|
trochlear 1) maxillary 2) mandibular 3) opthalmic
|
|
|
Where does the maxillary of CN 5 come from?
|
foramen rotundum
|
|
|
Where does the mandibular of CN 5 come from?
|
foramen ovale
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 6 , where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
abducens, superior orbital fissure, move extrinsic eye muscles
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 7, where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
facial, internal auditory meatus, move facial muscles
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 8 and where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
anuditory, internal auditory meatus, hearing
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 9, where does it come from?
|
glossopharyngeal, jugular foramen
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 10 and where does it come from?
|
vagus, jugular foramen
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 11 and where does it come from?
|
spinal accessory, jugular foramen
|
|
|
What is the name for CN 12, where does it come from, and what is it's job?
|
hypoglossal, hypoglossal canal, nerve to base of tongue
|
|
|
What is derived from foramen spinosum?
|
meningal arteries
|
|
|
What are meninges?
|
layers around the brain
|
|
|
What derives from the carotid canal?
|
carotid artery
|
|
|
What derives from foramen magnum?
|
spinal cord and 2 vertebral arteries
|
|
|
What derives from transverse foramen?
|
vertebral arteries
|
|
|
What is the origin of orthopedics?
|
straighten out children's backs
|
|
|
What type of curvature is a normal curvature?
|
sigmoid
|
|
|
What type of curvature is right or left lateral displacement?
|
scoliosis
|
|
|
What type of curvature is hunchback?
|
kyphosis
|
|
|
What type of curvature is swayback?
|
lordosis
|
|
|
What are the distinctions between male and female pelvises?
|
female has smaller impressions, less bone mass, wider spread ilium, pelvic inlet is round in males, and heart shaped in males, female has more triangular foramen, inferior pubic angle is more than 100 degrees in females
|
|
|
What is the study of joints?
|
anthrology
|
|
|
How are joints classified?
|
degree of movement and material connecting the bones of the joint
|
|
|
Of the 3 categories of joint movement which one has NO movement?
|
fibrous
|
|
|
What type of joint is together as a solid bone?
|
synotoses
|
|
|
What type of joint is immovable and held together by ligaments?
|
syndesmoses
|
|
|
What type of joint is a peg-in-socket joint where teeth articulate with tooth sockets?
|
gomphoses
|
|
|
Of the 3 categories of joint movement which one has slight movement?
|
cartilaginous
|
|
|
What is another name for slight movement?
|
ampiarthroses
|
|
|
What is the name for hylaine cartilage separating bones?
|
synchondrosis
|
|
|
What joints have a thin layer of hyaline cartilage on each bone with a thicker layer of fibrocartilage between the hyaline cartilage layers?
|
symphysis
|
|
|
Where are synchondrosis joints located?
|
between ribs and sternum
|
|
|
Where are symphysis joints located?
|
pubic symphysis and between vertebrae
|
|
|
Of the 3 types of joint movement which one has extensive movement?
|
synovial
|
|
|
What is another name for extensive movement?
|
diarthroses
|
|
|
What is the artiular cartilage that covers the contact surface of bones?
|
hyaline cartilge
|
|
|
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
|
occipital condyles, mandibular condyles
|
|
|
What is the membrane that encapsulates the joint which is the inner layer of the articular capsule?
|
synovial membrane
|
|
|
What does the synovial membrane secrete to lubricate joint movement?
|
synovial fluid
|
|
|
What becomes less viscous with exercise, lubricates and feeds the hyaline cartilage joints/
|
synovial fluid
|
|
|
What is the fibrous c.t. capsule that is outside the joint and supports the joint?
|
articular capsule
|
|
|
What is the best known pad in the knee joint?
|
meniscus
|
|
|
What is a purse of synovial membrane and fluid?
|
bursa
|
|
|
What is the inflammation of the bursa?
|
bursitis
|
|
|
Where is bursae located?
|
between structures
|
|
|
What are long synovial sheaths through which a tendon glides passed bones?
|
tendon sheaths
|
|
|
What is the inflammation of tendon sheaths?
|
tendinitis
|
|
|
What is the decreasing of angles?
|
flexion
|
|
|
What is the increasing of angles?
|
extension
|
|
|
What is the angle change when you move or take away?
|
abduction
|
|
|
What is the angle change when you bring back?
|
adduction
|
|
|
What type of circular change is a circular motion that occurs in a ball and socket joint?
|
circumduction
|
|
|
What is the circular change that is rotating a joint?
|
rotation
|
|
|
What is the cirucular change of rotating something face up?
|
supination
|
|
|
What is the circular change of rotating something face down?
|
pronation
|
|
|
What is the name for the sole facing lateral (turned out)?
|
eversion
|
|
|
What is the name for the sole facing medial (turned in)?
|
inversion
|
|
|
What is the name for pulling something out (jaw pushing out)?
|
protraction
|
|
|
What is the name for pulling back in (jaw pulling in)?
|
retraction
|
|
|
What is the name for bringing up (closing your mouth)?
|
elevation
|
|
|
What is the name for go down (open mouth)?
|
depression
|
|
|
What is the name for bringing your toes up?
|
dorsi-flexion
|
|
|
What is the name for pushing your toes down?
|
plantar flexion
|
|
|
What is the type of synovial joint where there is a round head in a cup-like socket?
|
spheroid
|
|
|
What type of synovial joint moves only on one plane, flexion and extension?
|
hinge
|
|
|
What is the largest joint?
|
knee
|
|
|
What bones make up the knee joint?
|
femur, tibia, and patella
|
|
|
What is around the outside of meniscus and synovial membrane?
|
articular capsule
|
|
|
What is between the patella and tibia and connects the two?
|
ligamentum patellae
|
|
|
What is the inner and outer sides of the fibula and tibia that connects to the femur?
|
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
|
|
|
What run straight up and down and cross through the joint?
|
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
|
|
|
Where does the anterior and posterior end of the ACL connect?
|
anterior: tibia
posterior: femur |
|
|
Where does the anterior and posterior end of the PCL connect?
|
anterior: femur
posterior: tibia |
|
|
What is the semilunar cartilage between the condyles of femur and tibia?
|
medial and lateral menisci
|
|
|
What is the type of joint where a concaved surface pivots against a round rojection on another bone?
|
pivot
|
|
|
What is an example of a pivot joint?
|
atlas and axis
|
|
|
What joint moves on two planes?
|
saddle
|
|
|
Where is a saddle joint located?
|
between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb
|
|
|
What type of joint has bones that slide past each other?
|
condyloid
|
|
|
What type of joint glides on a flat plane?
|
gliding
|
