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157 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Skull is ___ & ____.
Cranium (Neurocranium), Mandible (Viscerocranium)
The Neurocranium is further divided into ____ & ______.
Calvaria (skull cap) & Basic cranium (cranial base)
T or F: WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THE CRANIAL BASE, THE SKULL FORMS DIRECTLY FROM MESENCHYME VIA INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
T
What is ossification?
the process of bone formation
T or F: BETWEEN THE PRIMARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION ARE FONTANELLES AND SUTURES
T
On the undersurface of the calvaria, there are grooves. What are they for?
Middle meningeal artery
T or F: The dura venous sinuses in the cranium are venous channels found between layers of dura mater in the brain
T
T or F: The DURA MATER is the outermost of the three meningeal
layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord
T
T or F: The middle meningeal artery runs beneath the pterion. It is vulnerable to injury at this point, where the skull is thin. Rupture of the artery may give rise to an epidural hematoma
T
The middle meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity through the _______ _______.
foramen spinosum
T or F: Epidural hematoma is also called extradural hematoma
T
T or F: An epidural hematoma produces a broader, half-moon-shaped (biconvex) b/c it cannot cross sutures, so it builds up
T
T or F: In emergency medicine, a lucid interval is a temporary improvement in a patient's condition after a traumatic brain injury, after which the condition deteriorates
T
What is a septa?
the partitions where the dura matter reflects/turns inward, and thus separates the major parts of the brain
T or F: CT scan is the gold standard for the brain
T
The falx (sickle) cerebri is the largest septa and it divides the ____ from the ____.
left; right
In some places, the dura matter splits into a ______ ________ (superoir; near periosteum) and into a _______ ________ (inferior; near meningeal vessels)
periosteal layer

meningeal layer
T or F: The dilated areas in b/w the periosteal layer and meningeal layer of the dura matter produce the venous dural sinuses
T
T or F: The network
of venous dural sinuses drains most blood from the brain and endocranial cavity
T
T or F: THE
CONFLUENCE
OF SINUSES
LIES DEEP TO
THE INTERNAL
OCCIPITAL
PROTUBERANCE
T
T or F: A lot of venous sinuses meet at the confluence of sinuses
T
T or F: The internal jugular vein or the vertebral venous plexus direct DEOXYGENATED blood out of the cranial cavity
T
T or F: SUBDURAL HEMATOMA
(Dural border hemmorhage)
RESULTS FROM THE
TEARING OF A
SUPERFICIAL BRAIN
VEIN AS IT ENTERS A
DURAL VENOUS
SINUS
T
T or F: In a subdural hematoma, a crescent-shape (narrower than epidural) is produced b/c they can cross sutures, so they diffuse out
T
T or F: The dural sinuses also play a role in the circulation of CSF
T
T or F: CSF occupies the subarchnoid space and ventricular system around brain; The brain "floats" in it
T
The ventricular system is a set of structures in the _____ continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
brain
CSF is produced in the _____ _______
choroid plexus
What are the sites of CSF resorption and filtration?
arachnoid villi (esp in superior sagittal sinus)
T or F: Hydrocephalis (i.e. obstruction of CSF & increase in pressure) is the product of excess production or decreased resorption of CSF
T
T or F: The fxn of paranasal sinuses is debated; some possibilities include: moisten inspired air; act as resonant chambers for speech; used for mastication
T
Which bone is the major one in the nasal septum?
vomer
T or F: The sphenoid adds extensively to the cranial base
T
What divides the nasal and oral cavities?
hard palate
Occipital condyles articulate with what spinal feature?
C1 vertebra (atlas)
What is the densest compact bone; and houses the organs of hearing and balance (e.g. cochlea & vestibular system)?
Petrous (pyramid) temporal
What is the vestibular system?
a contributor to our balance system and our sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the dominant input about movement and equilibrioception.
T or F: The internal acoustic meatus (IAM) lies in the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone
T
The cribiform plate is a stxr of the ____ bone
ethmoid (an unpaired bone)
The anterior cranial fossa houses what 2 brain parts?
frontal lobes & olfactory bulbs
The middle cranial fossa houses what 2 brain parts?
temporal lobes & pit gland
The posterior cranial fossa houses what 2 brain parts?
cerebellum & brain stem
The anterior cranial fossa is formed by what 3 bones?
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
What is the name of the stxr that lie in the middle of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid, and anchors the falx cerebri?
crista galli
What 2 bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
sphenoid and temporal bones
T or F: The optic canal lies on the superior surface of the sphenoid lesser wing; and transmits CN2 and the opthalmic artery
T
What stxr of the sphenoid bone houses the pit gland?
sella turcica ("Turkish saddle")
T or F: The superior orbital fissure (SOF) is a longitudinal opening just inferior to the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
T
The SOF transmits which 4 CNs?
3, 4, 5(V1-opthalmic division), and 6
T or F: The foramen rotundum lies on the anterior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid; and it transmits CN 5 (V2 - maxillary division)
T
T or F: The foramen ovale (larger than the rotundum) lies on the posterior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid; and it transmits CN 5 (V3 - Mandibular division) to infratemporal fossa
T
T or F: The foramen lacerum lies medially to the foramen ovale, and transmits the internal carotid artery
T
T or F: The foramen spinosum lies most laterally on the greater wing of the sphenoid; and transmits middle meningeal arteries and veins
T
T or F: THE INTERNAL CAROTID
ARTERY, PROVIDING BLOOD
TO THE ORBIT AND
CEREBRAL CIRCULATION,
ALSO ENTERS THE
MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA,
THRU THE CAROTID CANAL
T
T or F: The ICA travels thru the foramen lacerum, then up to the cavernous sinuses, then giving rise to the opthalmic artery, and also giving rise to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
T
T or F: The Circle of Willis is an impt site of anatamosis b/w vessels.
T
The major branches in the Circle of Willis are:
-Internal carotid Artery

-Basilar Arteries

-Anterior & Posterior Cerebral arteries

-Anterior & Posterior Communicating arteries
The circle of willis is impt b/c:
it is a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain.
T or F: Arteries
supplying
the brain
run in the
SUBARACHNOID
SPACE
T
What 2 bones make up the posterior cranial fossa?
occipital & temporals
T or F: The Foramen Magnum transmits medulla, meninges, vertebral & spinal vessels, and the spinal root of CN 11
T
What are the meninges?
the dura, arachnoid, and pia matters
T or F: The IAM lies right on the petrous pyramid of the temporal bone; and transmits CNs 7 & 8
T
T or F: The jugular foramen, which is a larger opening at the border of the temporal bone with the occipital, transmits the internal jugular vein and CNs 9, 10, 11
T
T or F: The hypoglossal canal which lies on the occipital bone close to the foramen magnum transmits CN 12
T
What is the difference b/w a nerve and a ganglion?
A neuron consists of a cell body and axon projections

A nerve is a bundle of the axons of many neurons

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies
T or F: The peripheral nervous system breaks down into somatic (voluntary) and visceral (involuntary;autonomatic) systems
T
The somatic NS breaks down into ____ (GSE) and ____ (GSA)
motor; sensory
Preganglionic
parasympathetic
axons (GVE)
leave the
brainstem in
four
cranial nerves. Which are they?
3, 7, 9, 10
T or F: SVE fibers come from pharyngeal arches, not from somites like rest of body
T
Muscles derived from the 1st arch, are innervated by CN ____
5
Muscles derived from the 2nd arch are innervated by CN ___
7
The lone muscle derived from the 3rd arch (stylopharyngeus) is innervated by CN ____
9
The muscles of the pharynx and larynx are derived from the 4th and 6th arches and are innervated by CN ___
10
T or F: CN 4 innervates only the superior oblique muscle
T
T or F: CN 6 innervates only the lateral rectus muscle
T
T or F: The piriform aperture is the external nose cavity
T
T or F: On the anterior face, branches of the Trigeminal nerve reach the following:

the Supraorbital Foramen transmits CN 5 (V1)

the Infraorbital foramen transmits CN 5 (V2)

the mental foramen transmits CN 5 (V3)

FYI: these are impt b/c will test clinically
T
What is a dermatome?
a specific region of skin innervated by spinal nerve or 3 divisions of CN5
What is neuralgia?
a painful disorder of nerves
What is a LeFort fracture?
typical facial fractures that are classic in trauma
Blood supply to the face arises from which 2 arteries? which predominates?
external and internal carotid arteries

the external carotid predominates
How can you remember the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?
use this mneumonic (SALFOPMS)

Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS
What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery (SALFOPMS)?
-Superior thyroid

-Ascending pharyngeal

-Lingual

-Facial

-Occipital

-Posterior Auricular

-Maxillary

-Superficial temporal
T or F: Arteries lack valves, so follow pressure gradient
T
All facial muscles arise from which pharyngeal arch?
second (2nd)
T or F: All facial muscles are innervated by CN 7
T
What do dilators do?
open
What so sphincters do?
close
Both the orbits and mouth are guarded by what kind of muscles?
sphincters
What are the major muscles of the scalp?
occipitofrontalis (the frontalis & occipitalis)
What joins the frontalis and occipitalis together?
epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
What makes up the scalp?
Skin; Connective tissue, Aponeurosis layer, Loose CT, Pericranium
T or F: The carotid vessels that supply the scalp with blood lie in the 2nd layer of the scalp (the CT [dense])
T
T or F: The lacrimal portion is part of the obicularis oculi and is thought to contribute to the expression and release of tears
T
Which muscle closes the mouth and purses the lips or draws them against the teeth?
orbicularis oris
What is the modiolus?
The chiasma of facial muscles held together by fibrous tissue at the angles of the mouth
T or F: The facial nerve (CN7) emerges from the brainstem, then enters the IAM, and courses thru the facial canal, then exits thru the stylomastoid foramen, where it then enters the parotid gland
T
What are the 5 branches of CN 7?
-Temporal

-Zygomatic

-Buccal

-Mandibular

-Cervical
Bell's Palsy is a result of inflammation in CN ___ as a result of viral infection?
7, the facial nerve
T or F: Bell's Palsy and Trigeminal neuralgia are both unilateral
T
Bell's palsy is pretty much unilateral facial _____.
paralysis
T or F: The alveolar processes are what hold the teeth in place
T
TMJ is a ____ joint
synovial
T or F: Opening and closing the mouth requires a combination of both ROTATION & TRANSLATION (protrusion/retrusion) of the mandibular condyle at the TMJ
T
T or F: The articular disk (aka meniscus) divides the synovial joint at the TMJ into 2 synovial cavities or compartments called the superior compartment and the inferior compartment
T
T or F: Opening and closing of the mouth is produced by a combination of hinging in the lower compartment and gliding (translation) in the upper compartment of the TMJ
T
T or F: The meniscus (aka articular disk) and the condyle of the mandible move together b/c they are attached. They translate downward and forward
T
The lateral pterygoid is the only muscle of mastication whose fibers are _______
horizontal
The lateral pterygoid has two heads: what are they and where do they originate?
superior head from the greater wing of the sphenoid

inferior head from the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
The lateral pterygoid muscle inserts at what three places?
pterygoid fovea

the meniscus

the articular capsule of the TMJ
What happens to the mandible when the lateral pterygoid muscle contracts?
the mandible depresses (it is the only muscle that depresses)
What happens in dislocation of TMJ?
the condylar process on the mandible slips anterior to the apex of the articular tubercle
Which mastication muscle is the most superficial, bulky and powerful of the muscles of mastication; and arises from the zygomatic arch?
masseter
T or F: The fan-shaped temporalis muscle, one of the muscles of mastication, arises from the inferior temporal line and temporal fossa, and runs under the zygomatic arch, then inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible
T
T or F: The temporalis muscle is responsible for elevation and retrusion
T
Muscles of mastication are innervated by which CN?
CN5 (trigeminal), specifically CNV3
CNV3 exits the skull thru the _____ _____ and branches within the ______ _______.
foramen ovale; infratemporal fossa
T or F: THE RHOMBOIDALMUSCLE IS LOCATED IN THE INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA
T
T or F: CNV3 is the only one of the trigeminal divisions to contain efferent (motor) fibers
T
T or F: Contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle produces a contralateral excursion
T
If there is a lesion of CNV3, then it will produce a deviation of the jaw to which side? why?
to the side of the lesion

b/c other good lateral pterygoid will contract unopposed
What are the 4 main sensory branches of CNV3?
-Long buccal

-Lingual

-Auriculotemporal

-Inferior alveolar
What branch of CN7 joins the lingual nerve of CNV3 in the infratemporal fossa
Chorda tympani
What are the contents of the infratemporal fossa?
-middle meningeal artery

-external carotid artery

-maxillary artery of external carotid

-temporalis muscle

-pterygoid muscles

-CNV3

-Pterygoid venous plexus
T or F: The chorda tympani of CN7 and the ligual branch of CNV3 are both destined to mediate sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
T
T or F: The inferior alveolar nerve of CNV3 runs thru the mandibular canal which lies within the mandible, therefore, fracture of the angle or body of the mandible may lead to loss of sensation of the skin overlying the mental region
T
Which artery (a branch of the external carotid artery) delivers blood to muscle of mastication?
maxillary artery
T or F: The pterygoid venous plexus and emissary veins drain drain the face
T
T or F: the cavernous sinus is the nexus of venous anastomoses and is vulnerable to hematogenous spread of pathogens
T
What is the bulbis occuli?
the eye
What are the 7 extraoccular muscles?
how are they broken up?
LEVATATOR PALPEBRAL SUPERIORIS

There are 4 Rectus muscles:
Superior, Inferior, Lateral, Medial

There are 2 Oblique muscles:
Superior & Inferior
T or F: CN3 innervates 5 of the 7 extraoccular nerves
T
What is the condition called when there is a lesion on the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or problem c CN3, which compromises the ability to raise the eyelid
Ptosis
The 4 rectus muscles arise from what stxr?
the common tendinous ring (aka annular tendon)
The 4 rectus muscles attach to what eye stxr?
the sclera
CN3 innervates 5 of the 7 extraoccular nerves. Which are they? and which are not innervated by CN3?
all (including levator palpebrae superioris) but the superior oblique & lateral rectus are innervated by CN3
T or F: The superior oblique muscle is innervated by CN4 (trochlear)

FYI: Can remember b/c the superior oblique loops thru and around the trochlear loop attached to the frontal bone
T
The lateral rectus is innervated by CN ___.
CN6
T or F: CN4 only innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye
T
T or F: CN6 only innervates the lateral rectus of the eye
T
T or F: Adduction brings a limb or body stxr towards the sagittal plane
T
T or F: Abduction takes limbs or eye "away"
T
Extorsion means ____
external rotation
Intorsion means ____
internal rotation
The SCM and trapezius muscles are innervated by CN ____
CN 11
The SCM separates the ____ cervical triangle and the _____ cervical triangle
anterior;


posterior
What are the 2 heads of the SCM?
Sternal head & Clavicular head
The infrahyoid muscles are also known as:
cervical strap muscles
T or F: The infrahyoid muscles are ensheated in layers of the pretracheal fascia
T
Name some components of the carotid sheath
common carotid artery

internal jugular vein

vagus nerve
T or F: The omohyoid divides the anterior cervical triangle into the carotid triangle anad muscular triangle
T
T or F: Bifurcation of the common carotid artery occurs in the carotid triangle
T
T or F: The internal carotid artery has no cervical branches, but the external carotid has 8!!!
T
T or F: The left and right recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve (CN10) course differently and are vulnerable to cancers of the thyroid
T
CNV3 innervates the muscles of __________.
mastication
preganglionic parasympathetic axons (GVE) leave brainstem in what cranial nerves?
III (occulomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharengeal) and X (vagus)