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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many systems in the body?
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The muscles pull up the skeleton and support the frame of the body.
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What does the Skeletal System refer to?
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Chiefly the bones that support and protect the body; but also the joints between bones and the connective tissue (cartilage & tendons).
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What does the Muscular System do?
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The muscles pull up the skeleton and support the frame of the body.
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What does the Circulatory System refer to?
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Chiefly the heart and the tubes (veins & arteries) that transport blood.
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How do we use our Respiratory System?
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We breathe with our respiratory system and provide oxygen to the body's tissues; it also removes some wastes.
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What does the Nervous System do?
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It's primary components are the brain and the spinal cord. It is our "master control," regulating all of our internal functions and providing us with information about our environment.
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How do we use our Digestive System
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To process food and eliminate some wastes.
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How do we use the Urinary System?
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Eliminates most of the body's liquid chemical wastes.
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Reproductive System does what?
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Consists of those organs that characterize our sex and enable us to reproduce.
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What does the Endocrine System do?
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Secretes hormones with regulate the body's functions chemically.
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How do we use the Lymphatic System?
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It works with the veins in draining fluid from tissues and helps defend the body against infection.
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Is the Skin a system?
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Yes, it is the body's largest organ, it encloses and protects all of the body's systems.
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How many bones are in the human skeletal system?
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206 bones
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What other components (besides bones) make up the skeletal system?
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The strong elastic tissue that forms ligaments, tendons, and cartilages. They tie bones together and form the nose, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and the outer ear.
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What is the purpose of flat bones?
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Flat bones protect organs and are anchor points for muscles. Ex., skull, ribs, sternum, hips, scapula.
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Where is the hyoid bone?
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The unusually shaped hyoid bone is in the throat. It does not attach to any other bones; many muscles attach to it as it supports the tongue and forms part of the larynx
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The vertebrae are separated into how many regions?
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Five regions. They are cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and the coccyx.
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Which are the smallest and largest vertebrae?
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The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and thickest; the cervical are the smallest.
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All vertebrae have two wing-like sides that join and form a ring. What are they called?
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The LAMINA form the ring known as the VERTEBRAL ARCH.
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What is the ring opening called on the vertebral arch?
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The VERTEBRAL FORAMEN.
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The openings of the spine (the vertebral foramen) form an armored tube to hold the spinal cord. What is it called?
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The SPINAL CANAL.
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Each vertebrae has seven what?
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Seven PROCESSES or fingers that serve as anchors for muscles, contact points for vertebrae above and below, and overlapping shields to protect the spinal cord.
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How are bones classified?
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Bones are classified into four groups; long, short, flat, or irregular.
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Describe long bones vs. short bones.
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Long bones - strong shafts made of compact tissue. Their ends are large and consist of spongy tissue. They are slightly curved, enabling then to absorb shock. Ex. Legs, arms, toes, fingers.
Short bones - cube shaped bones that are spongy. Ex. kneecap, wrist and ankle bones. |
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Describe flat bones vs. Irregular bones.
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Flat bones - broad flat plates of spongy tissue sandwiched between two layers of compact tissue. Ex. skull, ribs, sternum, hips, & scapula.
Irregular bones - all other bones. Ex. Vertebrae and facial bones. |
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What bones do the Axial skeleton consist of?
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The skull, vertebral column, sternum and the rib cage.
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Who wrote De Medicina?
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Aulus Cornelius Celus- he discussed using massage as a treatment for everything from dislocations and paralysis to headaches and asthma,
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Who developed the French terminology used in massage? i.e. petrissage, effleurage, etc.
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Dr. Johan Georg Mezger (even though he was Dutch) developed the terms in French because Masseuse and Masseur were already being widely used.
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Who popularized the Movement Cure in the United State?
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The George Taylor
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Who created Swedish Gymnastics?
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Per Henrik Ling
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Who wrote The Art of Massage?
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Dr. John Harvey Kellogg
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Who translated The Cong Fou into French?
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P. M. Cibot
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Who was Andreas Vesalius
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The Italian anatomical artist who created detailed drawings of the muscular system. He paid specific attention to their attachments and actions, making his work especially notable.
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Hepat(o)
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Refers to the liver.
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Brachi(o)
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Refers to the arm
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Cost(o)
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Refers to the ribs
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My(o)
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Refers to the muscles
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Myel(o)
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Refers to both the spinal cord and to bone marrow
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Scler(o)
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Refers to both hardening and the white of the eye
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Cyst(i) and Cyst(o)
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Refers to both filled sacs and the urinary bladder
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Antagonist
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Ant- (against)
agon (struggle) -ist (concerned with) one that works aginst (a muscle with an opposing action) |
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Atrophy
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A- (without, not)
troph (growth) -y (condition of) condition of without growth (condition of muscular deterioration or no growth) |
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Biceps brachii
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Bi-(two)
ceps (head) brachi (arm) -i (plural) two heads (specific arm muscle with two origins) |
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Circumduction
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circum- (around)
duct (to lead) -tion (action of) lead all the way around (circular movement of a body part through its range of motion) |
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Contraindication
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contra- (against)
indicate (to point) -tion (action of) indicating the other way (a situation in which treatment is inappropriate) |
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Extension
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ex- (away from)
ten (tendon) -sion (action of) action of away from the tendon (movement that opens the angle at a joint and strengthens the tendon) |
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Fibromyalgia
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fibro (fiber)
-algia (painful condition of) pain in fibers and muscles (condition with pain in muscles, tendons and joints) |
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Hypertonic
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hyper- (excessive)
ton (tone) -ic (pertaining to) condition of excessive tone (muscle that is too tense) |
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Infraspinatus
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infra- (below)
spin (spine) -atus (refers to) refers to below the spine (specific muscle that originates below the spine of the scapula) |
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Isometric
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iso- (equal)
metr (measure) -ic (pertaining to) pertaining to equal measure (muscle activity in which antagonists work equally and no movement occurs) |
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Neuralgia
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neur- (nerve)
-algia (painful condition of) nerve pain (condition of pain along the nerves) |
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Osteoarthritis
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oste- (bone)
arthr (joint) -itis (inflammation of) inflammation of bone and joint (condition of inflamed and degenerative joints |
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Proprioception
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proprius- (your own)
cep (take) -tion (action of) action of taking your own (ability to sense stimuli from your own body's position in space) |
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Tendinitis
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tendin- (tendon)
-itis (inflammation of) inflammation of tendons |
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Supine
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Refers to lying on the back or spine
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Prone
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Refers to lying on the stomach
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Side-lying
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Sometimes referred to as "laterally recumbent"
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Frontal plane
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Also called the coronal plane, runs vertically down the body and divides the body into front and back parts.
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Sagittal plane
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Runs vertically down the body, lengthwise, diving the body into left and right parts.
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Anterior
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Also called ventral, indicates something on the FRONT side of the body.
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Posterior
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Also called dorsal, indicates something on the BACK side of the body.
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Transverse plane
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Runs horizontally through the body dividing it into top and bottom parts.
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Transverse plane generated SUPERIOR
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Also called cephalad, refers to something closer to a person's head, or above.
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Transverse plane generated INFERIOR
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Also called caudad, refers to something more toward the feet, or below.
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Proximal
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Describes something closer to the limb's attachment point on the body.
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Distal
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Describes something farther away from the torso, toward the fingers and toes.
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Superficial
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Refers to closer to the surface of the skin
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Deep
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refers to deeper in the body; away from the surface
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Body Regions (Anterior Landmarks)
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Cranial
Facial Thoracic Axillary (armpit area) Brachial Antecubital (forearm) Carpal Phalangeal Abdominal Inguinal (groin) Pelvic Femoral Patellar Tarsal |
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Body Regions (Posterior Landmarks)
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Occipital
Cervical Deltoid Scapular Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Popliteal (back of knee) Plantar (sole of foot) |
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What are the two main body cavities?
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The posterior (dorsal) cavity has two subdivisions; the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity.
The Anterior (ventral) cavity has three subdivisions: the thoracic, abdominal & pelvic cavity. Thoracic - heart and lungs Abdominal - stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, gall bladder, pancreas, and kidneys. Pelvic - reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum |
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What is the skeleton system made up of?
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The bones of the body, the joints between bones, and the connective tissue cartilage and tendons.
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What are the functions of the skeletal system?
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There are basically five functions; support, protection, movement, storage, and hematopoiesis.
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How does the skeletal system function i.e. support?
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The bones support the body and give it it's general shape. It holds the body up and firmly anchors the muscles and organs.
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How does the skeletal system function i.e. protection?
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The hardened bones protect the bodies organs and structures. The skull protects the brain while the ribs protect the heart and lungs and the vertebrae protects the spinal cord.
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How does the skeletal system function i.e. movement?
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The bones provide leverage for the the tendons and muscles to create movement. Ligaments connect bone to bone and cartilage and tendons connect muscle to bone. The joints allow bones to move.
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What does a ligament do?
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It connects bone to bone.
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What do tendons do?
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They connect muscle to bone.
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How does the skeletal system function i.e. storage?
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Bones store minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and calcium. The interior section of long bones also store fat in the form of yellow marrow. The fat serves as a thermal insulator and a source of energy.
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How does the skeltal system function i.e. hematopoiesis?
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Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis is another function of the skeleton. The interior of some bones contain red marrow which is the site of red blood cell formation. RBC are essential for life... they carry oxygen which is required for life.
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How do bones form?
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Bone Formation -
Ossification (when cartilage turns into hardened bone) Osteoblasts (manufacture the matrix with builds the net; rich in collagen, very resilient and accumulates calcium and other minerals. |
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How do bones grow?
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Once bones have completely hardened, they must continue to grow. The growth zones (epiphyseal plates) are located towards the knobby ends of long bones. The plate grows wider, and then the bony matrix is deposited on the medial side of the body. The epiphyseal plate then lengthens vertically.
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What is bone remodeling?
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The process of moving bone from one place to another.
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What is spongy bone vs. compact bone?
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Spongy bone (sometimes called cancellous bone) resembles a brittle sponge. It's airy, mesh-like structure looks similar under a microscope. Compact bone looks dense and ivory-like until you the see the microscopic view
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What is the periosteum?
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The tough fibrous sheath that covers all but the the joint region of a bone.
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What are the four shapes of bones?
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Long, short, flat, irregular.
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What is the structure of long bones?
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Ex. the femur and the humerus, are longer than they are wide. Their structure consists of a long, narrow shaft called the diaphysis and two knobby ends called epiphysis (proximal and distal).
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What are bony landmarks? What are a few examples?
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Bony landmarks are sites for muscle attachment. They may be smooth or rough, may contain projections, depression or hollows.
Ex. smooth rounded condyle - Occipital condyles rounded, knobby head - head of humerus or femur sharp, blade-like spine - scapula small, rough bump tubercle - tubercles of humerus slightly flattened, bar-like ramus - pubic ramus |
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What is the axial skeleton?
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Contains the 80 bones of the skull, vertebral column and bony thorax.
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What is the appendicular skeleton?
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Contains the 126 bones that are peripheral to the axial skeleton; the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvic firdle, and the lower extremities.
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Why is cartilage essential in the body?
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It provides cushion and support for various body structures.
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How many types of joints exist in the body?
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There are three main types of joints in the body:
synarthrotic or fibrous (nearly immovable joints) amphiarthrotic or cartilaginous (somewhat movable) diarthrotic or synovial (freely movable) |
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How many types of synovial joints exist in they body?
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There are six types of synovial joints that are freely movable; ball and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle.
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Half of your body weight consists of what material?
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Your muscles.
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How many types of muscle tissue are there?
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Three types
- Cardiac - Smooth - Muscular |
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What are the four functions of the muscles?
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Movement - muscle attaches to the skeleton to create origin and insertion points to move the body.
Heat Production - Keep your core body temp even. Provide Support - Holds your body up against gravity, stabilized joints and keeps your posture upright. Protection - muscle surrounds you organs and bones... the deeper they are, the more protected they are. |
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Describe the microscopic structure of a skeletal muscle cell.
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The tendon attaches the muscle to the bone.
The belly of the muscle is covered by epimysium or (deep fascia) Inside the epimysium are many muscle bundles Each muscle bundle is encased in a fasicle Each fasicle contains many single muscle fibers Each muscle fiber is covered by sarcolemma Each single muscle fiber contains many myofibrils Each myofibril contains a myosin (thick filament) and an actin (thin filament). |
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine TriPhosphate
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What are the three ways to regenerate ATP?
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Mechanism Direct phosphorylation |
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What are the two types of skeletal muscle contraction?
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Static (isometric) contracts but there is no movement
AND Dynamic (isotonic) contraction causes join or organ to move |
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What are the two types of dynamic contraction of muscles?
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Concentric and Eccentric contractions.
Concentric is when the myofilaments slide together, the muscle shortens, and the attachments sites of the muscle move closer together. ex, making a fist or bending a knee. Eccentric contractions involve contracted muscles where the distance between the muscle attachments increase. They are often used to resist gravity or slow down some kind of movement (ex. setting down something heavy). |
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What happens when atrophy occurs?
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Atrophy is a condition that results when a muscle is not used either by choice or by lack of nerve stimulation. The muscle demands less energy, so it uses less oxygen and does not need as much nutrition... a downward spiral of deterioration occurs with no nutrition.
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What is hypertrophy? Tetany?
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Hypertrophy exists when a muscle becomes enlarged as a result of foreceful and repetitive activity.
Tetany is a further example of a sustained and forceful contraction that becomes so frequent the muscle has no opportunity to relax at all. |
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How do muscles coordinate their actions?
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Muscles have prime movers (agonists), synergists (accessory muscles), fixators (stabilizers) and antagonists that work together to coordinate movement.
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How do bones remodel?
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Bone remodeling maintains the general shape of the bones through their course of growth. The process starts in the cavity at the center of the bone with resorption (hormones destroy bone tissue at the cavity wall). A rest period follows and then bony matrix is deposited on the outside of the bones resulting in a thicker, wider bone.
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What happens when bones age?
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As a person ages, osteoclastic (breakdown) activity tends to exceed osteoblastic (building) activity, resulting in weaker bones.
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All muscle types share what four features?
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Contractility, excitability, extensibility and elasticity.
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What types of cartilage do we have?
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Three types; elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage.
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What is hyaline cartilage?
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It is the most abundant cartilage in the body. Its is translucent to pearly blue and is firm but elastic. It provides flexibility and support to allow smooth efficient movement in the joints. Ex. costal cartilage in the ribs, articular cartilage.
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What is fibrocartilage?
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Sometimes called white fibrocartilage, it has much collagen that proved strength and structure, but little flexibility. It is found in the intervertebral disks and the mandibular joint.
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What is elastic cartilage?
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Also referred to as yellow cartilage, it is more opaque and flexible than the other types. Examples are the external ear and the larynx.
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What is an example of a synarthrotic joint?
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Synarthrotic or fibrous joints are nearly immobile. Examples include the sutures of the skull.
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What is an example of a amphiarthrotic joint?
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Amphhiarthrotic or cartilaginous joints are somewhat movable. Examples includes the joints between vetebral bodys and the pubis symphysis.
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What is an example of a diarthrotic joint?
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Diarthrotic or synovial joints are freely moveable. Examples include the knee, shoulder and the elbow.
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What are the components of a diarthrotic joint?
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Articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of the bones to reduce friction.
Bursae - synovial membrane-lines sacs full of synovial fluid that cushion the movement of tendons over bones Joint Capsule - a fibrous connective tissue sac that encloses the joint cavity Joint Cavity - a space between the bones of the synovial join that contains a lubricating, cushioning fluid Ligaments - fibrous connective tissue bands that hold the bones of the joint together and stabilize the joint Synovial membrane - the lining of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fuild |
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Describe and give examples of the six type of Diarthrotic (synovial) joints.
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Ball and socket - provides the greatest range of motion and allows movement in many directions (circumduction) ex. shoulder joint, hip joint
Condyloid - allows movement in two planes ex. metacarpals to phalanges, occiput to C1 Gliding - bones slide past each other ex between carpals and between tarsals Hinge - allows movement on one plane ex. elbow, knee and between phalanges Pivot - allows rotational movement ex. between C1 and C2, between radius and ulna Saddle - allows movement in many directions ex. carpal to metacarpal of the thumb |
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How do muscles move together?
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For movement to occur, antagonist must relax while the prime mover and synergists contract. Typically on the opposite side of the body, the front muscles can't move if the back muscles don't relax.
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Define prime movers or agonists.
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The muscles that perform most of the intended movement. Ex., in elbow extension the triceps brachii are the prime movers.
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Define synergists or accessory muscles.
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These muscles help the prime movers by contracting at the same time to facilitate more effective movement. Ex., the anconeus muscle is a synergist for triceps brachii in elbow extension.
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Define fixators or stabilizers.
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These muscles hold the body steady while the prime mover contracts to move that part. Ex. the teres minor muscle may act as a fixator to hold the arm back during elbow extension
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Define antagonists.
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Muscles that move in opposition to the prime mover.
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What is the sliding theory?
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That each muscle contracting does not get smaller, but using calcium molecules each sarcomere unit (consisting of one myosin and one actin) slide closer together and "velcro" to each other to create a temporary overlap and a "contracting" sarcomere.
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Muscle energy can only be provided by ATP. What is the fastest way for the body to create more ATP?
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Direct phosphorylation is the fastest way to create more ATP, but it depletes the muscles supply of creatine phosphate and the muscle will soon have to create ATP another way. Direct phosphorylation only creates enough ATP for about 20 seconds worth of time.
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Muscle energy can only be provided by ATP. What is the most efficient for the body to create more ATP?
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration - moderate movement for an extended period of time
Needs 2 ATP molecules to start and with glucose will make 40 molecules of ATP. But it is a slower process. |
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Muscle energy can only be provided by ATP. How does the muscle make ATP in an anaerobic environment?
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When in oxygen debt, the muscle uses a anaerobic mechanism to use a glucose molecule to make ATP. However, only 2 molecules of ATP are created from every one molecule of glucose and the side effect is lactic acid production... i.e. sore muscles
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