Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the respiratory system?
|
the respiratory system consists of
-a system of tubes that delivers air to the lung -oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out |
|
|
What do the respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate on?
|
respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate to regulate the body’s acid base balance
|
|
|
What is "valsalva maneuver" ?
|
Valsalva maneuver: A maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with a closed glottis (the windpipe) so that no air exits through the mouth or nose as, for example, in strenuous coughing, straining during a bowel movement, or lifting a heavy weight. The Valsalva maneuver impedes the return of venous blood to the heart.
|
|
|
Valsalva maneuver can assist in...?
|
Valsalva maneuver can assist in diagnosing a hernia by decreasing intraabdominal pressure
|
|
|
Q: What is thoracic pump?
|
A: squeezes abdomen. It pumps the venous blood (through vena cava)
|
|
|
Where is the "upper respiratory tract" located?
|
upper respiratory tract – in head and necknose through larynx
|
|
|
Where is the "lower respiratory tract" located?
|
lower respiratory tract – organs of the thorax trachea through lungs
|
|
|
What is the "nasal fossae" ?
|
nasal fossae – right and left halves of the nasal cavity called nasal fossae
|
|
|
What is "vibrissae" ?
|
vibrissae – stiff guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose
|
|
|
What is "meatus" ?
|
meatus – narrow air passage beneath each concha
|
|
|
What is the location of the "laryngopharynx" ?
|
the laryngopharynx spans from the
epiglottis --> cricoid cartilage (sits on top of trachea) |
|
|
Where does the esophagus begin?
|
The espophagus begins at the cricoid cartilage.
|
|
|
What does the "nasopharynx" pass? What type of cells is it made of?
|
nasopharynx:
-passes only air -is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium (the pharyngeal tonsil, which traps and destroys airborne pathogens) |
|
|
What does the "oropharynx and laryngopharynx" pass?
What type of cells is it made of? |
oropharynx and laryngopharynx:
-pass air, food, and drink -are lined by stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Q: What is a pseudostratified epithelium?
|
A: Pseudostratified ---where actually all are attached to base layer, some touch the top and others don’t
|
|
|
What is the "thyroid cartilage"?
|
thyroid cartilage:
-largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) shield-shaped -testosterone stimulated growth, larger in males |
|
|
What is the "cricoid cartilage"?
|
cricoid cartilage - connects larynx to trachea, ringlike
|
|
|
The pulmonary artery branches closely follow?
|
pulmonary artery branches closely follow the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli
|
|
|
The "bronchial artery" services what? Starts from?
|
bronchial artery:
-services bronchial tree with systemic blood -arises from the aorta |
|
|
What is the "pulmonary lobule"
|
pulmonary lobule - portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole
|
|
|
Terminal bronchioles DO NOT have ___ or ______?
|
-no mucous glands
-nor goblet cells |
|
|
Respiratory bronchioles DO NOT have _____?
|
-do not have cilia
|
|
|
What is the "atrium" in a respiratory bronchioles?
|
The central space in alveolar sacs in which alveoli are arrayed in grape-like clusters
|
|
|
Q: Why do bronchioles not have goblets?
|
A: because they are so small
|
|
|
What is the passage of air flow in the conducting division?
|
(Conducting division)
(1) nasal cavity (2) pharynx (3) larynx (4) trachea (5) main bronchus (6) lobar bronchus (7) segmental bronchus (8) bronchiole (9) terminal bronchiole |
|
|
What is the passage of air flow in the respiratory division?
|
(respiratory division)
(1) respiratory bronchiole (2) alveolar duct (3)atrium (4) alveolus |
|
|
alveolar macrophages are also known as what type of cells?
|
dust cells ---most numerous of all cells in the lung
|
|
|
Each alveolus is surrounded by ________ supplied by which artery?
|
each alveolus surrounded by a basket of blood capillaries supplied by the pulmonary artery
|
|
|
What are the functions of plurae and pleural fluid?
|
-reduce friction
-create pressure gradient (lower pressure than atmospheric pressure and assists lung inflation) -reduce friction create pressure gradient lower pressure than atmospheric pressure and assists lung inflation compartmentalization prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others |
|
|
What is compartmentalization in plurae?
|
compartmentalization:
prevents spread of infection from one organ in the mediastinum to others |
|
|
Q; which pericardium is closer to heart? Lungs?
|
A: visceral pericardium (????)
If parietal pericardium moves it also pushes and makes the visceral pericardium move |
|
|
What is the main function of the diaphragm?
|
diaphragm prime mover of respiration
|
|
|
internal and external intercostal muscles are synergists for what muscle?
|
synergist to diaphragm
|
|
|
scalenes are synergist
|
synergist to diaphragm
|
|
|
How do you perform the Valsalva maneuver?
|
consists of:
(1) taking a deep breath, (2) holding it by closing the glottis, and then contracting |
|
|
What controls unconscious breathing?
|
neurons in medulla oblongata and pons control unconscious breathing
|
|
|
What are the three pairs of respiratory centers in the brainstem that controls automatic, unconscious cycle of breathing?
|
three pairs of respiratory centers in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata and the pons are:
(1) Ventral respiratory (VRG) -Medulla (2) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - Medulla (3) Pontine respiratory group (PRG) -Pons |
|
|
What is eupnea?
|
(eupnea) quiet breathing
|
|
|
Where does the ventral respiratory group (VRG) originate and name its function?
|
ORIGINATES: Nuclei of medulla
FUNCTION: -primary generator of the respiratory rhythm -inspiratory neurons in quiet breathing (eupnea) fire for about two seconds -expiratory neurons in eupnea fire for about three seconds allowing inspiratory muscles to relax -produces a respiratory rhythm of 12 breath per minute |
|
|
Where does the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) originate and name its function?
|
ORIGINATES: Nuclei in Medulla
FUNCTION: -modifies the rate and depth of breathing -receives influences from external sources |
|
|
Where does the pontine respiratory group (PRG) originate? Name its function.
|
ORIGINATES: Pons
FUNCTION: (1) modifies rhythm of the VRG by outputs to both the VRG and DRG (2) adapts breathing to special circumstances such as sleep, exercise, vocalization, and emotional responses |
|
|
Q: In hyperventilation does pH level of blood rise or decrease?
|
A: It increases and blood becomes more basic because more CO2 is being expelled from the body than it is being produced.
Remember H ions (acid---being expelled). |
|
|
What is Boyle's Law?
|
Boyle’s Law –
(P) x (V) = constant (inversely proportional ) Temp (T), Moles (N) = constant Remember "TiN" Temp & (N) Moles are constant As pressure increases, volume DECREASES As volume increases (more air in), pressure DECREASES |
|
|
What is Charles's Law?
|
Charles's Law--
V1/T1 = V2/T2 V= constant x T (directly proportional) Remember "PiN" Pressure & (N) Moles are constant. As temp increases volumes ALSO increases |
|
|
500 mL of inhaled volume of air once warmed in the lungs will increase or decrease in volume?
|
500 mL of air will INCREASE in volume to 536 mL when warmed.
As temp increases, volume increases (Charles's law) |
|
|
What are two determinants of air flow?
|
(1) pressure is one determinant of airflow
(2) resistance is the other the greater the resistance the slower the flow |
|
|
What are (3) factors influencing airway resistance?
|
(1) diameter of the bronchioles
(2) pulmonary compliance – the ease with which the lungs can expand (3) surface tension of the alveoli and distal bronchioles |
|
|
What do surfactants do in the lungs?
|
Surfactants breaks hydrogen bonds (reduces surface tension)
--allows lungs to open easily (expansion) |
|
|
What is the condition IRDS and who does it afflict?
|
infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) – premature babies
|
|
|
What is Alveolar Surface Tension?
|
thin film of water needed for gas exchange
--creates surface tension that acts to collapse alveoli and distal bronchioles |
|
|
What is vital capacity?
|
vital capacity - total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort
VC = ERV (1200) + TV (500) + IRV (3000)= (4700 mL) (important measure of pulmonary health) |
|
|
What are restrictive disorders?
|
restrictive disorders – those that reduce pulmonary compliance
(1) limit the amount to which the lungs can be inflated (2) any disease that produces pulmonary fibrosis |
|
|
Q: What is pulmonary fibrosis and how does it affect the lungs?
|
A: it is scarring, which reduces the elasticity of the lungs.
|
|
|
What is Kussmaul respiration?
|
Kussmaul respiration – deep, rapid breathing often induced by acidosis (in terminal diabetes)
|
|
|
What is eupnea?
|
eupnea – relaxed quiet breathing
characterized by tidal volume 500 mL and the respiratory rate of 12 – 15 bpm |
|
|
What is apnea?
|
apnea – temporary cessation of breathing
|
|
|
What is dyspnea?
|
dyspnea – labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath
|
|
|
What is hyperpnea?
|
hyperpnea – increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions
|
|
|
What is hyperventilation?
|
hyperventilation – increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
|
|
|
What is hypoventilation?
|
hypoventilation – reduced pulmonary ventilation
|
|
|
What orthopnea?
|
orthopnea – dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down
|
|
|
What is respiratory arrest?
|
respiratory arrest – permanent cessation of breathing
|
|
|
What is tachypnea?
|
tachypnea – accelerated respiration
|
|
|
Q: What is acidosis?
|
A: Acidosis—(acid formation) retention of Carbon Dioxide
|
|
|
Q: What is the normal breathing rate?
|
A: Our normal breathing rate = 12-15 bpm
|
|
|
How much nitrogen gas is in air?
|
78.6 % nitrogen
|
|
|
What is the composition of air?
|
78.6 % nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 0 – 4% water vapor
|
|
|
What is Dalton's Law?
|
Dalton’s Law – the total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the contributions of the individual gases
|
|
|
Q: What is partial pressure?
|
A: Partial Pressure= 100% , and the amount that each is “contributing”
|
|
|
Q: What is the partial pressure of gas “X” that is 50%
(Must know how to calculate partial pressures of gas) |
A: 380mmHg (based off of 750mmHg)
|
|
|
Q: What is the percentage of CO2?
|
A: 0.04% (not .4% ) ***don’t confuse
|
|
|
Q: Where is alveous found
|
A: (teeth and gums)
|
|
|
Q: Total blood takes how long to return or make one complete circle in the body?
|
A: 1 min
|
|
|
What is hyperbaric oxygen therapy?
|
hyperbaric oxygen therapy – treatment with oxygen at greater than one atm of pressure
(gradient difference is more, and more oxygen diffuses into the blood) |
|
|
What conditions does hyperbaric oxygen therapy treat?
|
treat gangrene killing anaerobic bacteria, treating carbon monoxide poisoning
|
|
|
Q: What is gangrene?
|
A: Necrosis of tissue---lack of oxygen to tissues.
The nerve endings the bacteria grows and they are anerobic bacteria, diabetic blood (has a lot of sugar--it’s sticky) the bacteria also stick there, they grow better there too because there’s low oxygen too (anaerobic) . |
|
|
Q: Which dissolves faster in blood Co2 or O2?
|
A: Co2 dissolves faster, it is 20x more soluble than Oxygen.
|
|
|
Thickening of the respiratory membrane causes what condition? Results in?
|
thickening of the respiratory membrane(pulmonary edema and peumonia) reduces gas exchange
|
|
|
Describe the components of Carbon dioxide transport?
|
(1) ***70% as bicarbonate ion (not carbonate)
(2) 23% bound to hemoglobin (3) 7% dissolved in plasma |
|
|
Q: What two elements attach to hemoglobin?
|
A: Oxygen and carbon can both attach to hemoglobin
|
|
|
Q: Between carbon monoxide and oxygen, which one attaches to hemoglobin?
|
A: Carbon monoxide attaches to hemoglobin---oxygen cannot attach (they compete with each other)
|
|
|
Q: Which binding is much stronger that of carbon monoxide or oxygen?
|
A: The binding of carbon monoxide is much stronger than oxygen-
|
|
|
Q: What is hemoglobin? What is it made up of?
|
A: hemoglobin – molecule specialized in oxygen transport
“heme” non-proteinous part Globin “proteinous part” |
|
|
Each hemoglobin can bind to how many oxygen?
|
can bind to 4 O2
|
|
|
Q: How many hemoglobin molecules in RBC?
|
A: 280 million molecules in RBC, and each one can bind to 4-O2. (1120 million or 1.2 billion on a single cell of RBC)
|
|
|
What is CO2 loading? What does carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyze into?
|
CO2 loading
--where CO2 diffuses into the blood Carbonic anhydrase in RBC catalyzes into: CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 -->HCO3- + H+ |
|
|
What is O2 unloading?
|
O2 unloading--
is H+ binding to HbO2 reduces its affinity for O2 (tends to make hemoglobin release oxygen/unload oxygen) |
|
|
What is venous reserve and what important role does it play in the body?
|
venous reserve
– oxygen remaining in the blood after it passes through the capillary beds IMPORTANT ROLE: can save kife up to 4-5 minutes of CPR |
|
|
Blood banks dispose of blood with low BPG why?
|
Blood with low BPG can not unload O2 effectively
If you have good amt of BPG then )2 can be unloaded to the tissue Ex:time of donating of blood---the BPG is the highest amt the blood will have, after which it can no longer make any more BPG, and this count can only decrease |
|
|
What are the normal levels of pH, PCO2 and PO2 in blood?
|
pH 7.35 – 7.45
PCO2 40 mm Hg PO2 95 mm Hg (normal systemic arterial blood fomration) |
|
|
What produces about 75% of the change in respiration induced by pH shift?
|
central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata
|
|
|
Q: How does H ion get produced?
|
A: Carbonic acid produces H ions.
|
|
|
Q: What produces carbonic acid?
|
A: CO2 does and in CSF reacts with water and produces carbonic acid
|
|
|
What produces about 25% of the respiratory response to pH change?
|
the peripheral chemoreceptors
(hydrogen ions are also a potent stimulus to the peripheral chemreceptors) |
|
|
What is hypoxia?
|
hypoxia – a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen
|
|
|
What is ischemic hypoxia?
|
ischemic hypoxia – inadequate circulation of blood
congestive heart failure (ex: of migraine) |
|
|
What is anemic hypoxia?
|
anemic hypoxia – due to anemia resulting from the inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen (caused by sickle cell disease)
|
|
|
What is cyanosis?
|
cyanosis – blueness of the skin
Ex: Strangulation |
|
|
What is hypoxemic hypoxia?
|
hypoxemic hypoxia – state of low arterial PO2
- less ventillation in the lungs. Ex: oxygen deficiency at high elevations, impaired ventilation – drowning, aspiration of a foreign body, respiratory arrest, degenerative lung diseases |
|
|
Q: How long can ATP last in your body?
|
A: has to be used up within a minute
|
|
|
What is oxygen toxicity?
|
oxygen toxicity - pure O2 breathed at 2.5 atm or greater
(safe to breathe 100% oxygen at 1 atm for a few hours) |
|
|
Why do scuba divers breathe nitrogen-oxygen mixtures?
|
To prevent oxygen toxicity.
|
|
|
What is chronic bronchitis?
|
chronic bronchitis:
(1) inflammation and hyperplasia of the bronchial mucosa (2) cilia immobilized and reduced in number (3) goblet cells enlarge and produce excess mucus (4) develop chronic cough to bring up extra mucus with less cilia to move it |
|
|
What is emphysema?
|
emphysema-
--alveolar walls break down (lung has larger but fewer alveoli but fewer in number) |
|
|
What is adenocarcinoma?
|
adenocarcinoma
-originates in mucous glands of lamina propria |
