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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the meaning of visceral?
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Visceral means pertaining to any larger interior organs in the great body cavities.
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What is regurgitation?
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Regurgitation is a backward flowing.
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What is the meaning of inspiratory?
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Inspiratory is the inspiration of air to lungs.
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What is atrophy?
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Atrophy is a decrease in size of a normally developed organ.
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What is the meaning of synaptic?
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Synaptic pertains to the junction between processes of two neurons.
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What are combining forms for joint?
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Arthro and articulo are combining forms for joint.
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What is fascia?
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Fascia is a muscle covering.
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What is the common name for the radius and ulna?
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The radius and the ulna are the forearm bones.
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What is the common name for carpus?
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Carpus are the wrist bones.
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What is the common name for metacarpus?
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Metacarpus are the hand bones.
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What is the common name for the coccyx?
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The coccyx is the tailbone.
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What is the common name for the femur?
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The common name for the femur is the thighbone.
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What is the common name for the tibia?
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The tibia is the shinbone.
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What is the common name for the tarsus?
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The tarsus are the ankle bones.
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What is the common name for the metatarsus?
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The metatarsus are the foot bones.
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What are phalanges?
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Phalanges are the bones of fingers and toes.
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?
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The 3 types of muscle tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
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What controls the amount of movement of muscles?
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The central nervous system controls the amount of movement of muscles.
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What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?
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Skeletal muscle has cross-section striations.
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What is the purpose of ligaments?
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Ligaments support and stabilize.
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What are the 2 main regions of a muscle?
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The 2 main regions of a muscle are the belly and the tendon.
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What is the purpose of a tendon?
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The purpose of a tendon is to attach muscles to muscles or muscles to bone.
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Where is smooth muscle found?
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Smooth muscle is found in internal or visceral organs.
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What is the difference between the origin and insertion of a muscle?
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The origin has stability with a limited amount of movement, while the insertion has greater movement.
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What are aponeuroses?
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Aponeuroses are muscle to muscle joining areas.
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What is a common aponeuroses?
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A common aponeuroses is the linea alba.
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Why is the belly of the muscle the best site to give an injection?
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The belly is the thickest region of the muscle with the majority of the blood supply creation good distribution.
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Which 2 muscle types have involuntary actions?
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The cardiac and smooth muscles have involuntary actions.
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In which type of muscle do the cells contract individually?
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In cardiac muscle the cells contract individually when stimulated.
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What 3 types of muscle actions must work together for one movement to occur?
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The prime mover, antagonist, and synergist must all work together to create one movement.
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What are the 4 muscle movements?
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The 4 muscle movements are flexor, extensor, adductor, and abductor.
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What are the 3 types of muscle actions?
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The prime mover, the antagonist, and the synergist.
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What is the purpose of the flexor action?
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The flexor action decreases the angle of a joint.
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What is the purpose of the extensor action?
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The extensor action increases the angle of a joint.
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What is the prime mover?
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The prime mover is the muscle that is directly producing the desired movement.
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What is the antagonist?
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The antagonist is the muscle that directly opposes the prime mover.
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What is the synergist?
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The synergist is the muscle that aids in action of the prime mover.
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What are 6 types of naming conventions for muscles?
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Muscles are named according to action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads, and attachment sites.
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How are attachment sites used to name muscles?
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Attachment sites combine the origin and insertion of a muscle to create a name.
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What are 6 main regions for muscles in animals?
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Animals have muscle regions in the cutaneous, head and neck, abdominal, thoracic limbs, pelvic limbs, and respiration areas.
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What is the most common neurotransmitter?
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The most common neurotransmitter is acetyl choline.
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What is the purpose of muscles in the head and neck region?
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Muscles in the head and neck region are responsible for chewing, movement of sensory organs, facial expressions, extension and flexion of head.
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What is the purpose of muscles in the abdominal region?
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The purpose of muscles in the abdominal region are for respiration, to provide strength for lifting or bending, and for back support.
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What common ailments can affect the muscles in the abdominal region?
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Vomiting, diarrhea, and coughing can all affect the muscles in the abdominal region.
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What is the purpose of the muscles in the thoracic limbs?
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The purpose of the muscles in the thoracic limbs are to provide movement.
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What is the purpose of the muscles in the pelvic limb region?
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The purpose of muscles in the pelvic limb region are to provide locomotion and propulsion as well as a driving force of movement.
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What is the main job of muscles used for respiration?
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The main job of muscles used for respiration are to increase and decrease the size of thoracic cavity.
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What muscle is the primary mover for inspiratory action?
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The primary mover for inspiration is the diaphragm.
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What is the primary mover for expiratory action?
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The primary mover for expiration is the intercostal muscle group.
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What is a brief description of the muscle contraction process?
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Muscle contraction begins with stimuli being perceived by a nerve, when then travels down axon to synaptic space, then the impulse generates production of acetylcholine which floods the synaptic space, the impulse then triggers a release of stored calcium onto muscle fibers causing them to contract or extend.
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What 3 major muscles are in the pelvic limb region?
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The 3 major muscles of the pelvic limb are the gluteal, quadriceps femoris, and the gastrocnemius.
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What is the purpose of the gluteal muscle?
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The gluteal muscle moves the hip.
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What is the origin and insertion of the gluteal muscle?
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The origin of the gluteal muscle is the ilium and the insertion is the femur.
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What is the purpose of the quadriceps femoris?
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The quadriceps femoris extends the knee.
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What is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris?
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The origin of the quadriceps femoris is the femur and the insertion is the tibial tuberosity.
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What is the purpose of the gastrocnemius?
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The gastrocnemius extends the tarsus.
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What is the origin and insertion of the gastrocnemius?
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The origin of the gastrocnemius is the tibia and fibula, and the insertion is the calcaneous.
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What are the 3 main muscles composing the hamstring group?
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Muscles in the hamstring group include the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus.
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What is the purpose of the biceps femoris?
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The biceps femoris flexes knee and extends the hip.
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What is the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris?
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The origin of the biceps femoris is the ischium and the insertion is the fibula.
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What is the purpose of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles?
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The semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles flex the knee.
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What is the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles?
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The insertion of the semibranosus and semitendinosus muscles is the ischium and the insertion is the tibia.
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What major muscle is located in the thoracic limb?
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The major muscle in the thoracic limb is the triceps brachii.
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What is the purpose of the triceps brachii?
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The purpose of the triceps brachii is to extend the forearm.
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What is the origin and insertion of the triceps brachii?
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The origin of the triceps brachii is the humerus and the insertion is the olecranon of ulna.
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What is the purpose of the trapezius muscle?
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The trapezius muscle extends the head and provides movement of scapula.
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Where are injections most commonly administered in ruminants?
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Injections are most commonly done on ruminants in the trapezius muscle.
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What is the origin and insertion of the trapezius muscle?
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The origin of the trapezius muscle is the occipital bones and thoracic vertebra and the insertion is the scapula.
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What is the purpose of the pectoral muscles?
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The pectoral muscles adduct and flex forearm.
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What is the origin and insertion of the pectoral muscles?
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The origin of the pectoral muscles is the sternum and the insertion is the humerus.
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What muscles are used to administer heartworm treatment?
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The epaxial muscles are used for heartworm treatment.
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Where are the epaxial muscles located?
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The epaxial muscles are located in the lumbar area along either side of the vertebrae.
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What is the purpose of the epaxial muscles?
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The purpose of the epaxial muscles is to flex spine.
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What is the purpose of the masseter muscles?
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The masseter muscles close the jaws.
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Where are the masseter muscles located?
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The masseter muscles are found on the lateral aspect of the mandible.
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What is the purpose of the diaphragm muscle?
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The purpose of the diaphragm is to act as the primary mover for inspiration.
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Where is the diaphragm located?
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The diaphragm is located between the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
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What is avulsion?
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Avulsion is the tearing away of a structure or part.
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What is the cause of a decubital ulcer?
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Decubital ulcers are caused by local interference with circulation.
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What is a fistula?
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A fistula is any abnormal tube-like passage within body tissue.
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What is labitvage?
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Lavage is a process of washing out or irrigating.
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What are some common external causes for muscle pathologies?
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Muscle pathologies can be caused by snakebite, gunshot, bite wounds, decubital ulcers, tendonitis, sprains, strains, lacerations, degloving, and chronic wounds.
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What are the odds that tissue sloughing will occur with a snakebite?
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There is a 95% chance that tissue will slough with a snakebite.
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What are the 2 causes of necrosis of tissues with a snakebite?
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Venom and bacteria causes necrosis of the tissues.
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What is the most important initial goal in treating snakebite?
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The most important action to take in treating snakebite is to keep animal quiet and calm.
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How should a snakebite be treated?
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Snakebites are treated by lavaging and cleaning wound, administering antibiotics, treating as highly infected wound, close monitoring, and managing as open wound.
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What is the first step in managing a gunshot wound?
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The first step in managing a gunshot wound is to stabilize patient.
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Why must animals always be given an antibiotic when being treated for a gunshot wound?
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Animals must be administed antibiotics when being treated for a gunshot wound due to the contamination.
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After a gunshot patient has been stabilized, what is the next step?
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The next step in treating a gunshot wound is to take x-rays to ensure that bone has not be compromised.
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How much PSI can a bite wound exert?
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A bite can have 450 PSI.
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Why shouldn't hydrogen peroxide be used in wounds over 6 hours old?
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Hydrogen peroxide impedes the growth of new cells in wounds of 6 hours old.
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What is the most critical condition in a bite wound?
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The avulsion caused in a bite wound creates pockets which lead to edema, abscess, and infection.
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What are the 2 main reasons for cast and bandange sores?
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Cast and bandage sores most commonly result from inadequate or loose packing.
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What is the treatment for injection related sloughing?
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Corticosteroids can be administered to combat the injection reaction or diuretics can be given to reduce excessive inflammation.
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What is the cause of injection related sloughing?
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Injection related sloughing can occur when drugs are administered in an area not capable of good absorption or given in an area with inadequate blood supply.
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What is the usual cause for chronic wounds?
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The usual cause for chronic wounds is debris.
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What is the cause of sinus tracts?
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Sinus tracts are caused by foreign bodies being deep in tissues, resulting in the body creating openings to rid itself of the debris.
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How are fistulas created?
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Fistulas are created from wounds healing from the outside in.
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What is an iatrogenic issue?
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An iatrogenic issue is one that is caused by the veterinary treatment team.
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What is the most common degloving injury?
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The most common degloving injury occurs from a tail shut in a door.
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What usually causes tendonitis?
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Tendonitis is usually caused by a tear or injury, most commonly from an overextension of muscles.
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What is the treatment for tendonitis?
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The treatment for tendonitis is rest and anti-inflammatories.
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What is the cause for a sprain?
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A sprain results from a tendon tear or joint swelling.
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What is a strain?
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A strain is a pulled muscle, usually occuring during expansion of a muscle beyond normal capacity.
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What are clostridial diseases that cause disease in the muscle system?
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Clostridial diseases affecting the muscle system include tetanus, botulism, gangrene, black leg, necrotic hepatitis, big head, and overeating disease.
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What is the laymen's term for tetanus?
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Tetanus is also called lockjaw.
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How does tetanus affect an animal?
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The bacteria creates a neurotoxin that affects jaw function and extension of the head.
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How does botulism affect an animal?
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Botulism produces a neurotoxin that causes respiratory paralysis.
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Which clostridial disease results after infestation of the liver by parasitic liver flukes?
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Necrotic hepatitis is seen in sheep after being infested by with liver flukes.
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What is the cause of the overeating disease?
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The cause of the overeating disease is a diet high in carbohydrates which creates an excessive growth of bacteria.
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