Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pericardial Sac |
Stabilizes the position of the heart. Protects, anchors and prevents overfilling of the heart |
|
|
Pericarditis |
Inflammation of pericardium, distinct scratching sound (due to pathogen/post-heart attack) |
|
|
Cardiac Tamponade |
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, restricting heart movement |
|
|
Arteries |
Away from heart (efferent vessels); Thick walled; Oxygen-rich |
|
|
Veins |
Toward the heart (afferent vessels); Thin walled; Oxygen-poor |
|
|
Capillaries |
Connect arteries to veins; Very thin; Exchange glucose, O2, H2O, and minerals |
|
|
Valvular Heart Disease |
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis |
|
|
Why is fetus circulation different then adult circulation? |
The fetus lungs are not fully developed yet; getting their O2 from mother. Fetus circulation bypasses the lungs. |
|
|
Transposition of the Great Vessels |
Congenital heart problem (present from birth). Newborn's aorta is connected to right ventricle. Pulmonary artery connected to left ventricle. So, heart transports deoxygenated blood cells to body. |
|
|
Coronary Circulation |
Nourishes the heart; myocardium needs its own blood supply. Vessels at heart fill up due to elastic rebound, when heart is relaxing. |
|
|
Coronary Sinus |
Collects blood from heart. |
|
|
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) |
Partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation |
|
|
Coronary Ischemia |
Partial or complete blockage of coronary artery, due to plaque (fatty deposit) or thrombus (clot) |
|
|
Angina pectoris |
Chest Pain |
|
|
Myocardial Infarction |
Heart Attack; Coronary circulation block causes cardiac muscle cells to die (infarct). |
|
|
Dead Cardiac Cells leak... |
Troponin |
|
|
Catheter |
Tube inserted into large artery and guided into coronary artery, removes plaque by laser, or chewing into little pieces and sucking up the debris |
|
|
Balloon angioplasty |
Balloon presses against vessel walls |
|
|
Stent |
Inserted into vessel to hold it open |
|
|
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery (CABG) |
The internal thoracic artery or great sephanous vein in the leg is used to make a detour around the obstructed portion. Four can be rerouted, last resort. |
|
|
Contractile Cells |
99% of cells in myocardium; most numerous; "do work" and create tension for contraction to occur. |
|
|
Conducting Cells |
Coordinates electrical impulses; control and coordinate heart beat. No resting potential. |
|
|
Heartbeat |
Constantly drifting towards threshold |
|
|
Conducting System |
Network of conducting cells (specialized cardiac cells) that initiate and distribute electrical impulses. Coordinates the heartbeat. Command--> Small Delay --> Contraction. |
|
|
Automaticity (autorhythymcity) |
Action Potential is initiated by autorhythmic cells. Heart cells contract without Nervous System. Nervous System alters pace. |
|
|
Where is the Sinoatrial Node located? |
Right Atrium |
|
|
What is the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)? |
Cardiac Pacemaker |
|
|
Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) located? |
Near Coronary Sinus |
|
|
AV Node |
Impulse delays, which allows atria to contract before ventricles |
|
|
AV Bundle (Bundle of His) |
Only electrical connection between atria and ventricles |
|
|
R and L Bundle Branches |
Moderator band; papillary muscles contract first so AV valves close properly |
|
|
Purkinje Fibers |
Apex to Base pathway |
|
|
Ectopic Pacemaker |
Abnormal cell generates an action potential; can override SA or AV Node (either conducting or contracting cell) |
|
|
Heart Block |
Damage to the conducting pathways which affects the normal rhythm of the heart |
|
|
Arrhythmias |
Abnormal patterns of electrical activity |
|
|
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) |
Purkinje fiber or ventricular myocardial cell depolarizes to threshold and causes premature contractions. |
|
|
Fibrillation |
Very fast, uncoordinated muscle contractions |
|
|
Ventricular Fibrillation (vfib) |
Deadly! |
|
|
Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) |
Record of electrical events of the heart that can be monitored on the surface of the body. When a portion of the heart is damaged, the affected muscle cells do not conduct action potentials; reveals abnormal patterns. |
|
|
Depolarization |
Contraction |
|
|
Repolarization |
Relaxation |
|
|
P-Wave |
Atria Depolarization; Sodium entered; "received message" |
|
|
QRS-Complex |
Ventricular Depolarization |
|
|
T-Wave |
Ventricular Repolarization |
|
|
What triggers the contractile cells? |
Calcium |
|
|
What is the resting potential of ventricular contractile cells? |
-90mV |
|
|
Threshold of contractile cells? |
-75mV |
|
|
Four stages of Contractile Cell Action Potential? |
1. Resting Potential 2. Rapid Depolarization 3. Plateau 4. Repolarization |
|
|
Rapid Depolarization |
Fast Influx of Na+; membrane potential more positive; threshold happens |
|
|
Plateau |
Na+ channels close; slow influx of Ca+ through channels; K+ pumped out; starts at +30mV and continues to 0 mV: Contraction Occurs! |
|
|
Repolarization |
Ca+ channels close; K+ channels open (move out); membrane potential more negative; returns to -90mV |
|
|
Hypercalcemia effect on heart contraction? |
Slow; stop the heart; longer & sustained heart contraction |
|
|
Hypocalcemia effect on heart contraction? |
Contraction is weak & may cease altogether |
|
|
Hyperkalemia effect on heart contraction? |
Repolarization inhibited; slow heart rate & eventually heart stops |
|
|
Hypokalemia effect on heart contraction? |
Hyperpolarization occurs; less responsive to stimulus & heart rate decreases |
|
|
Refractory Period |
Membrane does not respond normally to another Action Potential |
|
|
Absolute Refractory Period |
No other Action Potential, plateau extends, no Tetanus; during the Plateau Stage |
|
|
Relative Refractory Period |
Na+ channels closed; Action Potential can occur if strong enough stimulus; during the Repolarization Stage |
|
|
Intercalated Discs |
Interlocking of membranes of adjacent cells. The cells are connected mechanically, chemically, and electrically, which allows the heart to function as one enormous cell. An action potential can travel from one cell to the next cell. |
|
|
Difference between Cardiac Muscle Cells and Skeletal Muscle Cells |
1. Have longer Absolute Refractory Period 2. Cells Smaller 3. Single Nucleus 4. Intercalated Discs 5. Branching interconnection between cells |
|
|
Systole |
Contraction |
|
|
Diastole |
Relaxation |
|
|
Cardiac Cycle |
Period of time between start of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next |
|
|
Lubb (S1) |
AV Valves Close (Ventricles Contracting) |
|
|
Dubb (S2) |
SL Valves Close |
|
|
S3 |
Blood flowing into ventricle |
|
|
S4 |
Atrial Contraction |
|
|
Cardiodynamics |
Movements and forces generated during cardiac contractions |
|
|
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
When ventricles at full volume |
|
|
End-Systolic Volume |
When volume leaves, blood remaining |
|
|
Positive Inotropic Agents |
Increase contractility (force of contraction); Decrease ESV; Ca+ entry, sympathetic NS, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, glucagons |
|
|
Negative Inotropic Agents |
Decrease contractility; Increase ESV; Ca+ blockers, depress cardiac metabolism, parasympathetic NS |
|
|
Afterload |
Force needed to eject blood from the heart |
|
|
Preload |
The EDV that stretches the ventricles to its greatest dimensions |
|
|
Stroke Volume |
EDV-ESV |
|
|
Ejection Fraction |
% of EDV that leaves the heart |
|
|
Cardiac Output |
Heart Rate X Stroke Volume |
