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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 subdivisions of the small intestine
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Duodenum 5%
Jejunum 40% Ileum 60% |
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Duodenum ducts
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pancreatic
bile |
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2 sets of salivary glands
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parotid
submandibular |
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Salivary chemical digestion
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amylase
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amylase
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Salivary enzyme
contains lysozyme and antibodies |
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Gastric juice regulated by 2 factors
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emotional
hormonal |
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Gastrin
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Hormone that regulates secretion of gastric juices
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gastric juices contain
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pepsinogens, mucous, HCl
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Pepsinogen is converted to
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pepsin
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Renin digests
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milk protein
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Brush border enzymes
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secreted by microvilli in small intestine to break down sugar
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Pancreatic enzymes break down
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Starch, protein, nucleic acids and all fat digestion in small intestine
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lipases
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pancreatic enzyme to break down fat in small intestine
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secretin and cholecystokinin
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secreted by the mucosa cells in small intestine
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Enzymes present in large intestine
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none
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What breaks down food in large intestine
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bacteria
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What is absorbed in the large intestine
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vitamins and water
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In esophagus what drives peristalsis
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Muscularis externa
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Mucous gland in the muscularis externa
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helps lubricate the bolus in esophagus
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Muscularis externa arranged in
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layers
longitudinal circular |
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Stomach has how many layers
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three to move food around
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cardio-esophageal sphincter
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at the top of the stomach to keep acid from reaching the esophagus
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Omentum and lesser omentum
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connective tissue to hold digestive organs in place
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Rugae - depressions
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Gastric pits
Gastric glands |
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Gastric glands - cells
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Parietal - HCl
Chief - pepsinogen |
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pepsinogen converts to pepsin to
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break down peptide bonds in protein
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pepsinogen is secreted by
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chief cells in stomach
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Lesser omentum holds stomach so
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it won't sag when it's filled with food
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appendix hags from
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cecum
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Iliocecal valve
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at opening of large intestine between it and small intestine
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cecum function
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none
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Lipase - what kind of enzyme
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pancreatic
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Salivary amylase breaks down
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complex sugars
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Saliva dissolves chemicals that help
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Taste your food
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Tooth anatomy
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crown - enamel
dentin - blood supply cementum - cement in jaw |
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Liver
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produces bile into duodenum
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bile
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emulsifies fats to break down into smaller globules lessens surface area so enzymes can break it down
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duodenum secretes enzymes into the
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pancreas
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Gall bladder
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stores bile
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Buccal phase
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voluntary phase
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Voluntary phase stops when
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bolus meets pharynx
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Pharyngeal-esophageal phase is________and controlled by
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involuntary
parasympathetic nervous system |
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peristalsis starts in the _______________ phase
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pharyngeal-esophageal phase
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Gastric juice pH
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low - acidic
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bile travels from the liver down the
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hepatic duct
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brush border enzymes break down
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sugar
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protein breakdown starts in ________ and ends in __________
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stomach
small intestine |
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Bile is released by _________ & ________ signals to liver and gall bladder
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hormonal
chemical |
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gall bladder to common bile duct through doudenal papilla to duodenum
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bile travels
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Metabolic rate
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total biochemical reactions occurring in your body over any given amount of time
or rate of production and utilization of ATP |
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Basal metabolic rate
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Sleeping and not digesting food
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1kcal
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1 Calorie - 1000 calories
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Cellular respiration
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how our cells use oxygen
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Oxygen in cells is used to convert
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glucose into ATP
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byproducts of cellular respiration
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CO2 and water
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most energy stored in glucose is lost as
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heat
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1 glucose mol makes about
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38 ATP mols
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Use about _______ of glucose, the rest is lost as ___________
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40%
heat |
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cellular respiration alternate def
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harvesting of energy from food mols
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A working cell may need how many ATP mols?
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10 million
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How many calories do you need
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2200/day
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How much ATP does the average human contain
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1.75 ounces
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How much ATP does the average human use and make a day
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16 lbs
.003 oz/second |
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dehydrogenase
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enzyme that removes H atoms from organic molecules
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NAD+ captures
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two electrons
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NAD+ after capturing electrons turns into
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NADH
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NADH releases
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H+
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Process of cellular respiration is called a
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redox reaction
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Redox reactions release
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ATP
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Each glucose goes through a ________ reaction over and over
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redox
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What is used in the last step of cellular respiration
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NADH
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Provides resistance for air leaving the body
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nasal cavity - resistance
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Where are olfactory receptors located
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superior part of the nasal cavity by ethmoid bone
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Nasal cavity lined by
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simple epithelium that secretes mucous
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Functions of the nasal cavity
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Warm air
immune smell |
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Nasal conchae lining
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respiratory mucosa
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Pharynx is continuous with the throat via
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internal nares
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What empties into nasopharynx from the ear
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pharyngotympanic tubes
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What do the pharygotympanic tubes crate
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an unbroken mucous membrane from ear to throat
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Pressure in your inner ear matches
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atmospheric pressure
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What is the first structure that is not continuous with the respiratory system
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Larynx
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Trachea extends from
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larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebrae
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What structure is the beginning of airway
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Trachea - what part of airway
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Visceral pleura
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Filled with pleural fluid
negative pressure |
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lungs are not a
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muscular organ
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site of gas exchange
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respiratory zone
alveoli |
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Oxyhemoglobin
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when Hb is bound with oxygen
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CO2 plays a role in
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acid/base balance
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The more Co2 you blow off the more______ your blood becomes because your using _________
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basic
carbonic acid |
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The kidney are ____% body mass and filter ______% of blood
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5
20 |
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How much blood is filtered through kidneys every minute
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1/4 of your blood
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kidneys are partially responsible for _____________
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blood composition
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Structural and functional part of the kidney
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nephron
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Two structures responsible for urine formation
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glomerulus
renal tubule |
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2 types of nephrons
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juxtamedullary
cortical |
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Capillary bed is housed by __________ in the renal corpuscle
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bowman's capsule
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From the renal corpuscle to the
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renal tubule
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Three steps of urine production
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filtration
reabsorption secretion |
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How much waste is filtered in every pass of the kidney
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60% is filtered
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blood flows through the arterioles and creates _______ which pushes the ________ into the renal tubule
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pressure
blood plasma |
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more fluid into the _________ than goes out
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glomerulus
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Most of the fluid that passes through the proximal convoluted tubule is
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reabsorbed - fluid in kidney
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What is reclaimed in the loop of henle
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ions
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Renal tubular secretions control
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blood pH
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Kidney functions
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Nitrogenous waste
water and electrolyte balance proper blood pH |
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Insensible water loss
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sweat
not always obvious |
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blood acid-base balance - pH
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7.35-7.45
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Filtration takes place at
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glomerulus
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filtration is a _____ process
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non-selective, passive
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Filtrate is
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blood plasma without any proteins
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normal blood pressure is normally sufficient for
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filtrate formation
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Tubular secretion is what in reverse
what does it do |
reabsorption in reverse
Gets rid of substances not already in filtrate such a drugs Control blood pH too |
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Tubular reabsorption happens in the
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proximal convoluted tubule
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Tubular reabsorption - function
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useful substances need to be reclaimed by blood
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kidneys filter __________ liters of blood a day
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1800
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Produce _______ liters of urine
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1-2
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Waste in urine
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urea, uric acid, creatinine
hardly reabsorbed |
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When are ions reabsorbed in blood from kidneys
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selectively according to need
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reabsorption is sometimes done
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passively - osmosis
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urochrome
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makes urine yellow
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water and electrolyte reabsorption is regulated by
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Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
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When blood pressure drops__________ signal the release of ___________ which causes increased water____________.
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hormones
anti-diuretic hormone reabsorption |
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When blood is too dilute, _____________ inhibits the absorption of __________ which causes ________ to flow into the blood.
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aldosterone
sodium water |
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Kidneys maintain acid-base balance by
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excreting bicarbonate ions
reabsorbing bicarbonate ions |
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createnine is a byproduct of
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protein metabolism
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drugs need to be secreted into the
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tubule cells
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filtration takes place in the
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glomerulus
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filtrate is
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blood plasma without proteins
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because of the size difference in afferent and efferent arterioles
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blood pressure is sufficient to filter things
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after filtration
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reabsorption back into capillaries
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reabsorption happens in the
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proximal convoluted tubule
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waste products are not_________ so they stay in ___________
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not reabsorbed so they stay in filtrate
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tubular secretion __________substances control __________
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get rid of
blood pH |
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loop of henle is important for
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concentration gradient to concentrate urine
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Collecting duct has channels that
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water passes out of to concentrate urine
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diploid
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2 sets of DNA
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Haploid
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1 set of DNA
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Ploidy
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sets of DNA (n)
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2n
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diploid
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# chromosomes
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46
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Meiosis
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diploid stem cell dividing the chromosomes in half
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Sperm cells and egg cells are in what phase?
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haploid phase
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Spermatogenesis happens in the
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seminiferous tubules
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Stem cell is diploid or haploid
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diploid
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Mitosis is
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cell division
taking a cell and making a copy |
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daughter cell
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stays in the basement membrane
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spermiogenesis produces
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4 haploid cells
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spermiogenesis takes
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between 64-74 days
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spermiogenesis happens ___________ begins at_________
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constantly
puberty |
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FSH is released
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by the anterior pituitary at puberty
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Why is there an unlimited supply of sperm
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daughter cells
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Sperm cell - anatomy
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nucleus
mid-piece |
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nucleus of sperm
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contains mitochondria
cellular respiration and produces ATP Genetic material contained in a shell called the acrosome |
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Testosterone is produced
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continuously from puberty
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Testosterone is responsible for
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growth spurts
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seminal vesicles
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60% of fluid that constitutes semen
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prostate gland
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plays a role in activating sperm
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bulbourethral gland
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active during sexual response
cleanses the urethra |
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oogenesis
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egg formation
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egg formation starts
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before birth
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Where does egg fertilization take place in the fallopian tubes?
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egg fertilization occurs at the far end
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cillia in fallopian tubes
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drives the egg toward the uterus
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coitus
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excitement
plateau orgasm resolution |
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Sexual excitement happens in the_________ nervous system
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parasympathetic nervous system
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orgasm results in
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increased blood pressure
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erection
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passive compression of veins
takes 5-10 seconds |
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__________ lie between the________ produce________
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interstitial cells
seminiferous tubules androgens (testosterone) |
