Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
322 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Where are the Adrenal glands?
|
superior surface of the kidney
|
|
|
Hormones are ____________ chemical messengers.
|
blood-borne
|
|
|
Hormones control processes like:
|
Growth/development
Immunity and body defenses Maintaining nutrient/water balance |
|
|
How long do the effects of hormones last?
|
Short-lived or very long lasting
|
|
|
What type of feedback mechanism controls the release of hormones?
|
Negative feedback mechanism
|
|
|
3 categories of hormones
|
amino acid-based molecules
steroids prostaglandins |
|
|
Hormones can only affect a
|
target cell or target organ
|
|
|
What must be present for a hormone to work?
|
receptor protein
|
|
|
How do hormones alter cellular activity?
|
Changes to plasma membrane permeability
Synthesis of proteins/regulatory molecules Activation/inactivation of enzymes Stimulation of mitosis |
|
|
Major endocrine organs
|
Pituitary
Parathyroid Pancreatic Islets Pineal Placenta Thyroid Thymus Testes Ovaries Adrenal |
|
|
Do endocrine glands have ducts?
|
No
|
|
|
Endocrine glands have a rich______
|
blood supply
|
|
|
Some endocrine organs are solely endocrine but others
|
share functions with exocrine glands
|
|
|
What is the location of the pituitary gland?
|
hangs by a stalk under the hypothalamus
|
|
|
How big is the pituitary gland?
|
the size of a pea
|
|
|
What bone is the pituitary gland near?
|
The "Turks Saddle" of the sphenoid bone.
|
|
|
Lobes of the pituitary gland
|
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary |
|
|
What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary?
|
Glandular
|
|
|
What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary?
|
Nervous
|
|
|
All anterior pituitary hormones:
|
proteins (or peptides)
act through second-messenger systems regulated by hormonal stimulus and negative feedback |
|
|
4 of 6 anterior pituitary hormones are
|
tropic hormones
|
|
|
What are tropic hormones?
|
stimulates target organs, which are also endocrine organs
|
|
|
Posterior pituitary hormones are made by _______ in the ________.
|
neurosecretory cells
hypothalamus |
|
|
Posterior pituitary is more of a ___________ organ than a _____________ center
|
Storage
production |
|
|
Thyroid Gland secretes two hormones:
|
Thyroid hormone
Calcitonin |
|
|
Thyroid hormone is made from
|
Colloid filled follicles
|
|
|
Calcitonin is made from
|
C cells
|
|
|
Thyroid hormone is two separate hormones
|
Thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3 |
|
|
T3 is converted to T4 at the ___________
|
Target tissue
|
|
|
What does thyroid hormone control?
|
rate glucose is metabolized
general body metabolism |
|
|
Thyroid hormone functions in normal growth of ____________ and __________ tissue
|
reproductive and nervous tissue
|
|
|
What substance which is also used in rocket fuel and drinking water?
|
Perchlorate
|
|
|
What does perchlorate inhibit and what is the result?
|
the uptake of iodine
reduce thyroid function |
|
|
What are the symptoms of iodine deficiency?
|
Metabolic disorders
sluggishness Coldness |
|
|
Calcitonin causes blood __________ levels to be _________ by signaling the bones to ________ more.
|
calcium levels
reduced absorb |
|
|
Calcitonin acts as an antagonist to what hormone
|
parathyroid
|
|
|
Where and at what location is calcitonin made?
|
C cells adjacent to the thyroid follicles
|
|
|
What hormone is not present in elderly adults?
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is what type of gland?
|
True gland
|
|
|
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland releases what hormones?
|
Growth hormone
Prolactin Follicle stimulating and lutenizing hormone Thyrotropic hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Growth hormone acts directly on the bones and muscles therefore it is not _________
|
tropic
|
|
|
Growth hormone acts directly on the _____.
|
Bones and muscles
|
|
|
Growth hormones ___________ on the bones and muscles.
|
acts directly
|
|
|
Prolactin stimulates ______________ in the ____________ glands.
|
Milk production
Mammary glands |
|
|
Follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing hormone play a role in _________ hormones especially in ________
|
reproductive
women |
|
|
Follicle stimulating hormone & lutenizing hormones are tropic or non-tropic hormones?
|
tropic
|
|
|
Thyrotropic hormones act on the ___________ to regulate _____________.
|
thyroid gland
metabolism |
|
|
Thyrotropic hormones are tropic or non-tropic?
|
tropic
|
|
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone acts on the ________________.
|
adrenal cortex
|
|
|
Protein hormones are ___________.
|
messengers
|
|
|
Protein hormones leave ____________.
|
the bloodstream
|
|
|
Protein hormones binds a ______________ on the _____________.
|
receptor
surface of the cell |
|
|
What type of hormone binds a receptor on the surface of a cell.
|
Protein hormones
|
|
|
Protein hormones activates a ________.
|
second messenger
|
|
|
What is the second messenger that a protein hormone activates?
|
enzyme on the cell membrane
|
|
|
When the protein hormone activates an enzyme what does it activate and what does it cost?
|
CAMP
costs an ATP molecule |
|
|
What effect does CAMP have on the cell?
|
Acts on existing proteins or molecules.
|
|
|
Is the response time fast or slow for a protein hormone? Why?
|
fast because it acts on existing proteins or molecules in the cell
|
|
|
What stimulates endocrine glands?
|
Other hormones
Humeral Nervous system |
|
|
How do hormones stimulate other endocrine glands?
|
Endocrine gland targets another endocrine gland to signal the release of another hormone.
|
|
|
How does humeral stimulation of an endocrine gland work?
|
Through monitoring the blood for different substances.
Stimulated by concentrations of molecules in body fluids, usually blood |
|
|
How does the nervous system stimulate endocrine glands?
|
Action potentials end at endocrine glands then neurotransmitters signal the release of a hormone
|
|
|
Hormones are always released in the _____
|
blood
|
|
|
When are nervous tissue involved in the stimulation of an endocrine gland?
|
only when they end at the gland
|
|
|
Where are most endocrine glands located in the body?
|
along the midline
|
|
|
Posterior pituitary is made of what type of tissue
|
Neural
|
|
|
Hormones made by cells in the hypothalamus are stored in the _______.
|
Posterior lobe of the pituitary
|
|
|
Pituitary makes two hormones
|
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxitocin |
|
|
Antidiuretic Hormone targets________ and helps to conserve _______.
|
Kidney tubules
water |
|
|
Oxitocin stimulates __________ by _______.
|
labor
uterine contraction |
|
|
Oxitocin is a powerful ________.
|
Muscle contractin
|
|
|
Thyroid gland is located in the _________.
|
Base of throat below the Adams Apple
|
|
|
What does the thyroid gland look like?
|
butterfly shaped with two lobes
|
|
|
What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland
|
Isthmus of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
Parathyroid regulates_____________
|
blood calcium levels
|
|
|
Beside regulating blood calcium levels what does the parathyroid do?
|
Stimulates kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium
|
|
|
What is the major regulator of blood calcium levels and stimulates the kidneys to absorb more calcium?
|
Parathyroid
|
|
|
Where is the parathyroid gland?
|
posterior of the thyroid gland
|
|
|
How many parathyroid glands are there and where are they?
|
4 total, 2 on each lobe
Posterior of the thyroid gland |
|
|
How does the parathyroid gland stimulate the release of calcium from the bone
|
Release PTH which stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix
|
|
|
What stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix to release calcium in the blood
|
Parathyroid gland
|
|
|
What stimulates kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium to help increase blood calcium levels?
|
parathyroid gland
|
|
|
When the kidneys and intestine absorb more calcium what happens to the blood calcium levels?
|
Increases
|
|
|
What endocrine organ is located on the superior surface of the kidney?
|
Adrenal glands
|
|
|
Adrenal glands secrete:
|
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Sex steroids (testosterone) Epinephrine Noroepinephrine |
|
|
Which adrenal hormones are secreted by the cortex?
|
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Sex steroids (testosterone) |
|
|
Which adrenal hormones are secreted by the medula?
|
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine |
|
|
Adrenal hormones secreted by the cortex are ________.
|
lipid hormones
|
|
|
Two glucocorticoids
|
Cortisol
Cortisone |
|
|
Cortisol is responsible for
|
long term stress response
|
|
|
What do Glucocorticoids do?
|
glucose metabolism
release of prostaglandins reduces swelling |
|
|
What do Mineralocorticoids do?
|
Target kidney tubules for re-absorption of ions
regulates blood sodium levels and thus blood pressure |
|
|
What does aldosterone do?
|
regulates water balance
|
|
|
Aldosterone is what type of hormone?
|
mineralocorticoid
|
|
|
What is the major site of the sex steroids?
|
reproductive organs
|
|
|
Sex steroids are made in _____ amounts throughout ______.
|
low
life |
|
|
Androgens are made mainly in the ________
|
Adrenal glands
|
|
|
Some estrogens are made here -
|
Adrenal glands
|
|
|
Adrenal medulla is innervated by the
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
|
|
Adrenal medulla is responsible for
|
fight or flight response
|
|
|
Catecholamines
|
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Nor epinephrine (nor adrenaline) |
|
|
Dual role of pancreatic islets
|
digestive
endocrine |
|
|
Beta cells secrete the hormone
|
insulin
|
|
|
What secretes the hormone insulin?
|
beta cell in the pancreatic islets
|
|
|
What does insulin do?
|
signals cells to take up more circulatory glucose, reducing blood glucose levels
|
|
|
What is the antagonist to insulin?
|
Glucagon
|
|
|
What does glucagon do?
|
Causes glucose release from the liver during times or low blood sugar.
|
|
|
What cells secrete glucagon?
|
alpha cells
|
|
|
Pineal gland is located
|
in the brains third ventricle
|
|
|
Pineal gland shape
|
pinecone shaped
|
|
|
What is secreted by the pineal gland?
|
Melatonin
|
|
|
Melatonin is highest __________ and lowest around __________
|
night
noon |
|
|
What is melatonin believed to regulate?
|
sleep cycle and timing of sexual maturity
|
|
|
Thymus gland is located
|
in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum
|
|
|
Thymus gland secretes
|
thymosin
|
|
|
What does thymosin do?
|
Helps the thymus act as an incubator for T cells which help boost your immune response
|
|
|
Ovarian hormones
|
estrogens
progesterone |
|
|
Estrogens are produced by
|
Graafian follicles
|
|
|
Estrogens promote the development of
|
secondary sexual characteristics in females
|
|
|
Progesterone maintains pregnancy by
|
discouraging contractions
|
|
|
Progesterone is secreted by the
|
corpus luneum
|
|
|
Testicular hormones secrete ____________ and is necessary for the ________________.
|
testosterone
production of sperm |
|
|
Placenta is only present during ________. It ________ & __________ on demand.
|
pregnancy
grows and degenerates |
|
|
Placenta works on other ___________________.
|
endocrine organs
|
|
|
Functions of bones
|
Structure and support
Protect Movement Storage Blood cell formation |
|
|
Blood cell formation
|
Hematopoiesis
Happens within the bone marrow |
|
|
Bone types
|
Long bones
Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones |
|
|
Bone Tissue Types
|
Compact bone
Spongy bone |
|
|
Epiphysis
|
End of the bone
Proximal Distal |
|
|
Diaphysis
|
Bone shaft
|
|
|
Epiphyseal line
|
Junction of Diaphysis and Epiphysis
Remnant of the epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Periosteum
|
Give blood vessels a point to attach to
Fibrous covering |
|
|
Tribeculae
|
rods of spongy bone
|
|
|
Medullary cavity
|
Marrow
|
|
|
Thin fibrous lining on the inside of the medulary cavity
|
endosteum
|
|
|
Osteocytes rest in
|
Lacunae
|
|
|
Bone matrix
|
Organic - collagen
Inorganic - Mineral Salts Hydroxyapatite |
|
|
Types of Joints
|
Fibrous
Cartilaginous Synovial |
|
|
Fibrous joints
|
connected by fibrous connective tissue
No movement or some movement |
|
|
Syndemoses
|
In fibrous joints where fibers are longer than the distance of the joint and there is movement
|
|
|
Cartilaginous Joints
|
Bone ends are connected by cartilage
Amohiarthrotic Synarthrotic |
|
|
Amphiathrotic
|
Type of Cartilaginous joint
Pubic symphysis Intervertebral joints |
|
|
Synarthrotic
|
Type of Cartilaginous joint
Joint between the first ribs and sternum |
|
|
Synovial joints
|
where articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid
|
|
|
Synovial joints - location
|
all the joints of the limbs
|
|
|
4 distinguishing features of synovial joints
|
Hyaline articular cartilage
Fibrous articular capsule line with a synovial membrane Joint cavity with synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments |
|
|
Types of muscle
|
Skeletal
Smooth Cardiac |
|
|
Muscle Function
|
Produce movement
Maintain posture Stabilize joints Generate heat |
|
|
Muscle prefixes
|
Myo
Mys Sarco |
|
|
Muscle function - produce movement
|
Almost all movement in our bodies are produced by muscle
|
|
|
Muscle function - maintain posture
|
Skeletal muscle functions make tiny adjustments to maintain posture
|
|
|
Muscle function - stabilize joints
|
Many joints are poorly fitting and must be stabilized by tendons of skeletal muscles
|
|
|
Muscle function - generate heat
|
Almost 3/4 of the energy in ATP escapes as heat
|
|
|
Smooth muscle
|
Involuntary
Walls of hollow organs Propels substances along a definite pathway |
|
|
Smooth muscle cells
|
Spindle shaped with a single nucleus
Arranged into longitudinal and circular layers |
|
|
Smooth muscle cells have ________, _________ contraction
|
slow
sustained |
|
|
Smooth muscle performs ______________ function.
|
housekeeping
|
|
|
Smooth muscle gross anatomy
|
Juxtaposed muscle layers allow the organ to change shape easily to move things throughout the body
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle
|
Striated
Involuntary |
|
|
Cardiac muscle is only found in the
|
heart
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle arranged in
|
Spiral, figure 8 shapes
|
|
|
Cardiac muscle fibers are ____________ cells joined by ___________
|
Branching
Intercalated discs |
|
|
Heart contractions are closely __________ and heart beats at a ________ rate set by an internal _____________.
|
coordinated
Steady Pacemaker |
|
|
Skeletal muscle fibers are __________ shaped.
|
Cigar
|
|
|
Skeletal muscle fibers are __________ cells
|
multinucleate
|
|
|
Skeletal Muscle is subject to _____________ control.
Can also be _____________. |
voluntary
involuntary |
|
|
Skeletal muscle fibers are __________ together by ________ tissue for _______ and __________.
|
bundled
connective strength support |
|
|
Skeletal muscles can ________ considerably in ______.
|
vary
shape |
|
|
Skeletal muscle fibers can be _________-shaped, ________-shaped or _________.
|
spindle
fan circular |
|
|
Muscle fibers are ____________ in a continuously ____________ fashion.
|
sheathed
expanding |
|
|
_________ eventually blend into the _____ or _________ which ________ the muscle to the ________.
|
Epimysia
tendon aponeuroses attaches bone |
|
|
Muscle fiber =
|
muscle cell
|
|
|
Muscle fibers are bundled together into
|
fascicles
|
|
|
Fascicles are bound together by connective tissue called
|
Epimyceum
|
|
|
Muscle fibers are wrapped by connective tissue called________ and that is called a ___________
|
perimycium
Fascicle |
|
|
_______ and _______ can travel into the fascicles.
|
Blood vessels
nerves |
|
|
Epimycia come together to form a _______.
|
tendon or aponeuroses
|
|
|
Plasma membrane in muscle is called
|
sarcolemma
|
|
|
Long specialized organelles with a specialized banding pattern is called a
|
Myofibril
|
|
|
Myofibril
|
Long specialized organelles with a specialized banding pattern
|
|
|
Contractil unit of the muscle
|
Sarcomere
|
|
|
Thin filament of a sarcomere
|
actin
|
|
|
Thick filament of a sarcomere
|
myosin
|
|
|
Myosin heads are _________ that link _____ and ______ during contraction.
|
cross bridges
actin myosin |
|
|
_________ are cross bridges that ________ actin and myosin during _______.
|
Myosin
link contraction |
|
|
Myosin contains ______ enzymes which split ______ during contraction.
|
ATPase
ATP |
|
|
Muscles are __________ and _________.
|
contractile
irritable |
|
|
In order to contract, muscles must be stimulated by a _________.
|
nerve
|
|
|
_______________ may stimulate a ______ or ________ of muscle cells
|
Motor neurons
few 100's |
|
|
Motor unit
|
One neuron + all of the cells it stimulates
|
|
|
Muscle banding
|
Dark - A bands
Light - I bands |
|
|
Myofilaments fron z disk to z disk are repeating units of
|
sarcomeres
|
|
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
Equivalent of endoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores
|
calcium
|
|
|
Muscles have the ability to respond to ____________ stimuli
|
electrical
|
|
|
Neurotransmitter =
|
messenger
|
|
|
______________ form junctions with the sarcolemma.
|
Axon terminals
|
|
|
Gap between axon terminal and sarcolemma
|
synaptic cleft
|
|
|
The synaptic cleft is filled with __________
|
interstitial fluid
|
|
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
Axon terminals form junctions with the sarcolemma
|
|
|
A ___________ (Acteylcholine ACh) is released, ___________ across the _______ cleft, & binds to _____________ on the __________.
|
neurotransmitter
diffuses synaptic membrane proteins synaptic cleft |
|
|
Muscle neurotransmitter
|
Acetylcholine, ACh
|
|
|
After ACh binds to membrane proteins the __________ becomes temporarily more permeable to _______.
|
sarcolemma
Na+ & K+ ions |
|
|
The electric disruption caused by ACh
|
action potential
|
|
|
Muscle contractions are a
|
graded response
|
|
|
Graded muscle contractions can be produced in two ways
|
Change of frequency of muscle stimulation
Change of number of muscle cells being stimulated |
|
|
Individual muscle cells have an __________ response to contraction, but whole muscles are made of ________ of ____________.
|
all-or-none
100's motor units |
|
|
Nerve impulses are delivered so _____ that the muscle cannot completely ____ between stimuli.
|
quickly
relax |
|
|
Muscle contractions are ___________ together, resulting in _________ and ______ contractions.
|
summed
stronger smoother |
|
|
As stimulation frequency increases, there is no __________ and muscle reaches __________.
|
relaxation
Fused tetanus |
|
|
Fused tetanus
|
Increased stimulation
No relaxation |
|
|
To provide a _____________ muscle contraction, we _________ the frequency of muscle fiber ________.
|
smooth, graded
increase stimulation |
|
|
Stronger contraction
|
increase number of muscle cells being stimulated
|
|
|
Working muscles store very limited supplies of
|
ATP
|
|
|
How many seconds worth of ATP do working muscles store
|
4-6 s
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue is due to
|
oxygen debt
|
|
|
Muscle fatigue - Without _________, ___________ will begin to accumulate.
|
oxygen
lactic acid |
|
|
No oxygen and _____________ of the muscle tissue will cause the muscle to stop _________.
|
decreased pH
contracting |
|
|
____________ must be paid back when muscles fatigue.
|
Oxygen debt
|
|
|
Lactic acid is cleared from muscle within a few _________
|
hours
|
|
|
Muscle shortening
|
isotonic contractions
|
|
|
Tension builds but no sliding
|
Isometric contractions
|
|
|
Continuous partial contractions in your muscle. Different motor units stimulated in a systematic way
|
Muscle tone
|
|
|
Muscle tone
|
Continuous partial contractions
Different motor units stimulated in a systematic way |
|
|
Three ways to regenerate ATP
|
Directly in the muscle
Anarobic glycolysis Aerobic respiration |
|
|
Regenerate ATP directly in the muscle
|
Doesn't use oxygen
Doesn't give much ATP |
|
|
Anarobic glycolysis
|
Generates lactic acid
|
|
|
Aerobic respiration
|
Use oxygen
36 ATP per Oxygen |
|
|
Muscle disuse
|
atrophy
|
|
|
All muscles _____ at least one _______.
|
cross
joint |
|
|
Origin
|
attachment to an immoveable bone
|
|
|
Insertion
|
attachment to a movable bone
|
|
|
The bulk of muscle lies
|
proximal to the joint it crosses
|
|
|
How many attachments do all muscles have?
|
two
|
|
|
Muscle can't ______ only ______.
|
push
pull |
|
|
During contraction the muscle _________ moves toward the ________
|
insertion
origin |
|
|
Types of body movements
|
flexion
extension rotation abduction adduction circumduction |
|
|
flexion
|
decreasing angle between body parts
|
|
|
extension
|
increasing angle between body parts
|
|
|
circumduction
|
move in circles
|
|
|
Abduction
|
moving away from the body
|
|
|
adduction
|
moving toward the body
|
|
|
Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
|
prime mover
|
|
|
muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
|
antagonist
|
|
|
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
|
synergist
|
|
|
stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
|
fixator
|
|
|
Rectus indicates a
|
straight muscle
|
|
|
Maximus indicates a
|
large muscle
|
|
|
straight muscle
|
rectus
|
|
|
large muscle
|
maximus
|
|
|
4 major regions of the brain
|
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon Brain Stem Cerebellum |
|
|
Cerebrum has how many hemispheres
|
2 (duh)
|
|
|
Characteristics of cerebrum
|
gyri
sulci fissures |
|
|
Gyri
|
Ridges
|
|
|
Sulci
|
shallow grooves
|
|
|
Fissures
|
Deep grooves
|
|
|
Ridges of cerebrum
|
Gyri
|
|
|
Shallow grooves of cerebrum
|
Sulci
|
|
|
Deep grooves of cerebrum
|
Fissures
|
|
|
Lobes of the cerebrum
|
Frontal
Parietal Temporal Occipital |
|
|
Frontal lobe
|
motor area
|
|
|
Parietal lobe
|
somatic sensory area
|
|
|
Temporal and occipital lobe
|
impulses from the body's special sense organs
|
|
|
Motor area of the brain
|
Frontal lobe
|
|
|
Somatic sensory area of the brain
|
Parietal lobe
|
|
|
Receives impulses from the sense organs
|
Temporal and occipital lobe
|
|
|
Visual area of the brain
|
Temporal lobe
|
|
|
Hearing and olfactory area of the brain
|
Occipital lobe
|
|
|
Thalmus
Hypothalmus Hepithalmus |
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Diencephalon
|
Thalmus
Hypothalmus Hepithalmus |
|
|
Brain stem
|
Midbrain
Pons Medula Oblongata Reticular formation |
|
|
Midbrain
|
reflex centers
Hearing and vision |
|
|
Pons
|
Nuclei involved with the control of breathing
Has its own rhythm |
|
|
Medula oblongata
|
controls vital visceral activities
Heart |
|
|
Reticular formation
|
extends entire length of brain stem involved with visceral motor control
|
|
|
Cerebellum
|
precise motor control
balance equilibrium |
|
|
Spinal cord nerves
|
Carvical 8
Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 5 |
|
|
Nerves at the end of spinal cord
|
Cauda Equina
Horses tail |
|
|
Functions of the nervous system
|
Monitor changes
Process and interpret Effect responses |
|
|
Sensory input
|
Stimuli are gathered to monitor changes
|
|
|
Nervous system process and interpret
|
Integrates signals and decides what should be done
|
|
|
Motor input
|
Activates muscles or glands after sensory input and interpret
|
|
|
Central nervous system - organs
|
The brain and the spinal cord
|
|
|
Central nervous system - function
|
interpret incoming signals and issue instructions
|
|
|
Peripheral nervous system
|
Nerves that extend from the brain and the spinal cord
|
|
|
PNS functional divisions
|
Sensory (afferent) division
Motor (efferent) division |
|
|
Sensory division
|
Afferent - conveys information to the CNS
|
|
|
Motor division
|
Efferent - carries activating impulses to the muscle of glands effecting a motor response
|
|
|
Motor division is divided into
|
Somatic motor system
Autonomic motor system |
|
|
Supporting cells of the nervous tissue
|
Neuroglia
|
|
|
Types of neuroglia
|
Astrocytes
Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Astrocyte
|
1/2 of neural tissue
Liaison between capillaries and neural tissue |
|
|
Microglia
|
phagocytic cells that dispose of dibris
|
|
|
Ependymal cells
|
line brain cavity and spinal cord
Cushions and circulate CSF |
|
|
Oligodendrocytes
|
form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers
|
|
|
What is one of the last areas of the brain to mature
|
Hypothalamus
|
|
|
Formed in the choroid plexuses of the brain
|
Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
|
|
|
Similar to Blood Plasma
|
Cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
What you have control over
|
|
|
The autonomic nervous system is divided into
|
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
|
|
Sympathetic nervous system
|
Fight or flight
|
|
|
Parasympathetic nervous system
|
resting and digesting
|
|
|
Thyroid follicles
|
hollow structures internal to the thyroid gland
|
|
|
Thyroid hormone targets___________ because all body _________ depend on a continuous supply ________ energy for power.
|
every cell
cells chemical |
|
|
Thyroid hormones are made up of
|
two - tyrosine amino acid
three or four Iodines |
|
|
T3 is formed at
|
target tissue
|
|
|
Calcitonin id produced by
|
parafollicular cells
|
|
|
Parafollicular cells are found
|
in connective tissue between follicles
|
|
|
Calcitonin is released in blood in response to
|
increase in calcium levels
|
|
|
What hormone decreases blood calcium levels?
|
calcitonin
|
|
|
When blood calcium levels drop what hormone is released by what gland?
|
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid gland |
|
|
When blood calcium levels are too high what hormone is released by what gland?
|
Calcitonin
Thyroid |
|
|
When is Calcitonin released?
When is PTH released? |
When blood calcium levels are raised
When blood calcium levels drop |
|
|
Growth hormone is directed toward
|
the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
|
|
|
Growth hormone plays an important role in determining
|
final body size
|
|
|
Growth hormone is a ___________ sparing ____________ hormone that causes ___________ to be built into ________ and stimulates target cells to ________ in size and _______.
|
protein
anabolic amino acids proteins grow divide |
|
|
While growth hormone stimulates cell growth it also causes _______ to be __________ and used for ________ while sparing ________ to maintain _______.
|
fat
broken down energy glucose blood sugar |
|
|
Thyrotropic hormone stimulates the
|
growth and activity of the Thyroid gland
|
|
|
Gonadotropic hormones
|
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone |
|
|
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates
|
follicle development in the ovaries to produce estrogen and sperm development in the testes
|
|
|
Luteinizing hormone triggers
|
ovulation and causes the rupture follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen
testosterone by the interstitial cells of the testes |
|
|
Anterior Pituitary gland is called the ___________ gland because it
|
master
controls the activity of many endocrine glands |
