Anatomy & Physiology Chpt 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

-Structure of the body.

-Gross macroscopic, examines large, visible structures.

-Surface anat: exterior features

-Regional anat: body areas

Systemic anat: organ systems

Developmental: conception to death

Clinical: medical specialties

Front 2

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 2

Examines cells and molecules

Front 3

Cytology

Back 3

study of the cells and their structures

cyt= cell

Front 4

Histology

Back 4

study of tissues and their structures

Front 5

Physiology

Back 5

Cell phys- processes within and between cells

organ phys- functions of specific cells

Systemic phys- functions of an organ system

Pathological phys- effects of diseases

Front 6

Chemical (or Molecular) level

Back 6

Atoms are the smallest chemical units

Molecules are a group of atoms working together

Front 7

Cellular Level

Back 7

Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

Front 8

Tissue level

Back 8

A tissue is a group of similar cells working together

Front 9

Organ level

Back 9

An organ is a group of different tissues working together

Front 10

Organ system level

Back 10

An organ system is a group of organs working together

Humans have 11 organs

Front 11

Organism level

Back 11

A human is an organism

Front 12

Integumentary

Back 12

Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, and Nails.

-Protects against environmental hazards.

-Helps regulate body temp

-Provides sensory information

Front 13

Skeletal

Back 13

Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, Bone marrow.

-Provides support and protection for other tissues

-Stores calcium and other minerals

-Forms blood cells

Front 14

Muscular

Back 14

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

-Provides movement

-Provides protection and support for other tissues

-Generates heat that maintains body temp

Front 15

Nervous

Back 15

Brain, Spinal cord, Peripheral nerves, Sense organs

-Directs immediate response to stimuli

-Coordinates or moderates activities of organ systems

-Provides and interprets sensory information about external condtions

Front 16

Endocrine

Back 16

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads, Endocrine tissues in other systems.

-Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

-Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body

-Controls many structural and functional changes during development

Front 17

Cardiovascular

Back 17

Heart, Blood, Blood vessels

-Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

-Distributes heat and assists in control of body temp

Front 18

Lymphatic

Back 18

Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils

-Defends against infection and disease

-Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Front 19

Respiratory

Back 19

Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli

-Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)

-Provides oxygen to bloodstream

-Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

-Produces sounds for communication

Front 20

Digestive

Back 20

Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

-Processes and digest food

-Absorbs and conserves water

-Absorbs nutrients

-Stores energy reserves

Front 21

Urinary

Back 21

Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

-Excretes waster products from the blood

-Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

-Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

-Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

Front 22

Male Reproductive

Back 22

Testes, Epididymides, Ductus deferentia, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum

-Produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluids and hormones

-Sexual intercourse

Front 23

Female Reproductive

Back 23

Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands

-Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

-Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

-Provides milk to nourish newborn infant

-Sexual intercourse

Front 24

Homeostasis

Back 24

All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

-Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body tempt, fluid balance)

Front 25

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

Back 25

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

Front 26

Extrinsic Regulation

Back 26

Response controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Front 27

Receptor

Back 27

Receives the stimulus

Front 28

Control center

Back 28

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Front 29

Effector

Back 29

Carries out the instructions

Front 30

The Role of Negative Feedback

Back 30

The response of the effector negates the stimulus

-Body is brought back into homeostasis

-Normal range is achieved

Front 31

The Role of Positive Feedback

Back 31

The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus

-Body is moved away from homeostasis

-Normal range is lost

-Used to speed up processes

Front 32

Superficial Anatomy

Back 32

Locating structures on or near the body surface

References to palpable structures

Front 33

Anatomical Landmarks

Back 33

Anatomical position: hands at sides, palms forward

Supine: lying down, face up

Prone: lying down, face down

Front 34

Anatomical Regions

Back 34

-Body regions

-Abdominopelvic quadrants

-Abdominopelvic regions

Front 35

Anatomical Directions

Back 35

Reference terms based on the subject

Front 36

Sectional Anatomy

Back 36

Planes and sections

-Plane: A 3-dimensional axis

-Section: A slice parallel to plane

-Used to visualized internal organization and structure

-Important in radiological techniques

-MRI, PET, CT

Front 37

Essential Functions of Body Cavities

Back 37

1. Protect organs from accidental shocks

2. Permit changes in sized and shape of internal organs

Front 38

Ventral body cavity (coelom)

Back 38

Divided by the diaphragm

-Thoracic cavity

-Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 39

Serous Membranes

Back 39

Line body cavities and cover organs

-Consist of parietal layer and visceral layer

-Parietal layer: lines cavity

-Visceral layer: covers organs

Front 40

Thoracic Cavity

Back 40

Right and left pleural cavities

-Contains right & left lung

Front 41

Mediastinum

Back 41

Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus

-Lower portion contains pericardial cavity

-The hear is located within the pericardial cavity

Front 42

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 42

Peritoneal cavity: chamber within abdominopelvic cavity

-Parietal peritoneum: line the internal body wall

-Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs

Front 43

Abdominal cavity

Back 43

Superior portion

-Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones

-Contains digestive organs

-Retroperitoneal space

-Area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall

-Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract

Front 44

Pelvic cavity

Back 44

Inferior Portion

-Within pelvic bones

-Contains reproductive organs, rectum and bladder