Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 4 Physiology Of Cells

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Active Transport

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require the expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell

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Concentrated Gradient

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is simply a measurable difference in concentration from one area to another. Because molecules spread from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration, they spread down the concentration gradient.

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Diffusion

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refers to a natural phenomenon caused by the tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within any given space

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Endocytosis

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the plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material and brings it into the cell

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Enzyme

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Enzymes are chemical catalysts that reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction;

Enzymes regulate cell metabolis

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What is Meiosis

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is the type of cell division that occurs only in primitive sex cells during the process of becoming mature sex cells

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Metabolism

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metabolism: the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Cell metabolism, then, refers to the chemical reactions of the cell

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Mitosis

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the process of organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division, is a continuous process consisting of four distinct phases:Prophase, Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase

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Osmosis

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is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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Filtration

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is movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure—that is, down a hydrostatic pressure gradient

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Hypertonic

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Cells placed in solutions that are hypertonic to intracellular fluid always shrivel. to decrease the size of the red blood cell.

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hypotonic

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to increase the size of the red blood cell and thus enable it to carry more oxygen.

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isotonic

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because this solution does not change the size of the red blood cell

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cytokinesis

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Splitting of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two is called

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compare & contrast the different passive processes that transport substances across a cell membrane

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simple diffusion is trasfor from high concntrtion to a lower concntration outside the cell.Osmosis is diffusion in & out of cell. channel or carrier mediated transport diffuse thrgh a membrane w/ channel or carrier structures

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Identify what causes osmotic pressure to develop in a cell

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Water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis into that solution.

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describe different active processes that transport substance across a cell membrane

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The driving force for active transport processes, on the other hand, comes from the cell itself. Energy of metabolism must be used by cells to force particles across a membrane that otherwise would not move across

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different active processes

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Movement of solute particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration (up the concentration gradient) by means of an energy-consuming PUMP structure in the membrane

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different active processes

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Phagocytosis (endocytosis)
Movement of cells or other large particles into cell by trapping it in a section of plasma membrane that pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle; a type of vesicle-mediated transport

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different active processes


pinocytosis

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Movement of fluid and dissolved molecules into a cell by trapping them in a section of plasma membrane that pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle; a type of vesicle-mediated transport

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different active processes

excytosis

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Movement of proteins or other cell products out of the cell by fusing a secretory vesicle with the plasma membrane; a type of vesicle-mediated transport

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What distinguishes active processes from passive processes

passive
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Passive processes do not require any energy expenditure or “activity” of the cell membrane—the particles move by using energy that they already have.

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What distinguishes active processes from passive processes

active
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Active processes, on the other hand, do require the expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell. In active processes the transported particles are actively “pulled” across the membrane.

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Describe the structure of an enzyme.


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structural attribute of enzymes is the active site. The active site is the portion of the enzyme molecule that chemically “fits” the substrate molecule or molecules

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How does its structure determine its function?
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the active site of an enzyme chemically fits a portion of the substrate just as a key fits into a lock. Like a key in a lock, the enzyme can bind substrates together (“locking” them together) or can unbind components of a substrate (“unlocking” them).

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structure function
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And, as with a key, some movement of the enzyme shape is often required to “open the lock” or alter the substrate

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What is an allosteric effector? Give example

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An “effector” is an agent that accomplishes something, and allosteric literally means “pertaining to a change in three-dimensional shape. certain antibiotic drugs, changes in pH, or changes in temperature

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What are the three catabolic pathways that together make up the process of cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

Electron transport system

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Glycolysis

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Citric acid cycle

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Electron transport system

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Enzymes are chemical catalysts
Enzymes regulate cell metabolism, The chemical structure of enzymes. Proteins of a complex shape. The active site is where the enzyme molecule fits the substrate molecule—the lock-and-key model

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hmmm