Anatomy & Physiology - Ch 1 Levels Of Organization / Body Systems / Life Processes

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The science of structure and the relationships among structures

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The science of body FUNCTIONS, how the body works

Front 3

Levels of organization of the human body

Back 3

1 - Chemical
2 - Cellular
3 - Tissue
4 - Organ
5 - System
6 - Organismal

Front 4

Chemical Level

Back 4

ATOMS, smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions carbon (C), hydrogen(H) MOLECULES, two or more atoms together DNA, deoxyibonucleic acid

Front 5

Cellular Level

Back 5

Molecules combine to form structures

Cells are the basic structural and functional elements of an organism

Cells are the smallest living units of the body

Front 6

Tissue Level

Back 6

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

Front 7

Organ Level

Back 7

Different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures

-Usually have a recognizable shape

-Composed of two or more types of tissues
-Have specific functions

Front 8

System Level

Back 8

A SYSTEM consists of related organs that have a common function

Front 9

Organismal Level

Back 9

All of the systems of the body combine to make up an organism - one human being

Front 10

Integumentary System

Back 10

Skin and structures associated with it
Hair, nails, sweat and oil glands

Regulates body temp;protects the body;eliminates some waste, helps make vitamin D

Detects touch, pressure, pain, warmth, cold

Front 11

Skeletal System

Back 11

Bones, joints, and the associated cartilages

Front 12

Muscular System

Back 12

Skeletal muscle tissue, muscle attached to the bones

Participates in body movements, walking, maintains posture, produces heat

Front 13

Nervous System

Back 13

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as the eyes and ears

Regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting change, interpreting change, responding to change with muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Front 14

Endocrine System

Back 14

All glands and tissue that produce chemical regulators of body functions called hormones

Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

Front 15

Cardiovascular System

Back 15

Blood, heart and blood vessels

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells

Helps regulate acidity, temperature and water content of body fluids

Blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels

Front 16

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Back 16

Lymphatic fluid (Lymph) and vessels
Spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils
Cells that carry out immune responses, B Cells, T Cells and others

Returns proteins and fluid to blood
Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease causing microbes

Front 17

Respiratory System

Back 17

Lings, air passageways, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchial tubes

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhausted air

Regulates acidity of body fluids, air over vocal cords produces sound

Front 18

Digestive System

Back 18

Organs of the Gastrointestinal tract
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anus

digestive organs - salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes

Front 19

Urinary System

Back 19

Kidneys Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Produces, stores and eliminates urine;
Eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

helps regulate acid -base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production

Front 20

Reproductive System

Back 20

Gonads (Testes & Ovaries) uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens and penis, mammary glands

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk

Front 21

Metabolism

Back 21

The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.

Includes the breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller simple ones and the building of complex from simple ones

Proteins-Amino Acids-new protein for muscle and bones

Front 22

Responsiveness

Back 22

The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment

Nerve cells respond to electrical signals - Muscle cells respond to nerve impulses by contracting

Front 23

Movement

Back 23

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells.

Coordinated action of muscle and bone allow movement

gallbladder contracts to excrete bile to help digestion

white blood cells move from the blood to damaged or infected areas to repair the area

Front 24

Growth

Back 24

An increase in body size

Increase:
Existing cell size
Number of cells
Amount of material surrounding cells

Front 25

Differentiation

Back 25

The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells

Fertilized egg undergoes tremendous differentiation to become a human

Front 26

Homeostasis

Back 26

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions

Homeostasis ensures the body's internal environment remains steady despite changes inside and outside the body.

Front 27

Interstitial Fluid

Back 27

Fluid surrounding body cells

Front 28

Feedback System Elements

Back 28

Receptors
Control Center
Effectors

Front 29

Receptor

Back 29

A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called INPUT tp a control center.

INPUT = Nerve or chemical

Front 30

Control Center

Back 30

Ex; Brain, sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained; evaluates the input, generates output commands when needed.

OUTPUT: information from nerves or chemical signals that is relayed from the control center to an effector

Front 31

Effector

Back 31

Body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

body temp drops, brain (control center) sends nerve impulses to the skeletal muscles (effectors) to cause you to shiver.

Front 32

Negative Feedback System

Back 32

Reverses a change in a controlled condition.

Negative feedback systems tend to regulate long term conditions - BP, blood glucose, temperature

Front 33

Disorder
Disease
Symptoms
Signs

Back 33

Disorder - abnormality of structure or function
Disease - illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs
Symptoms - subjective changes in body functions (headache, nasuea)
Signs - objective changes, obsrevable, bleeding, swelling, vomiting, fever, rash

Front 34

Anatomical position

Back 34

Subject stands erect facing the observer, with the head level and eyes facing forward. The feet are flat on the floor, directed forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward.

Front 35

Names of body regions

Back 35

Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limb
Lower Limb

Front 36

Directional terms used to describe the body

Back 36

Superior - Interior
Anterior - Posterior
Medial - Lateral
Proximal - Distal
Superficial - Deep

Front 37

Superior


Inferior

Back 37

Toward the head or upper part of a structure (Heart is superior to the liver) CRANIAL


Away from the head or the lower part of a structure (Stomach is interior to the lungs) CAUDAL

Front 38

Anterior


Posterior

Back 38

Nearer to or at the front of the body
(Sternum is anterior to the heart)
VENTRAL - belly surface

Nearer to or at the back of the body
(Esophagus (food tube) is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)
DORSAL - back

Front 39

Medial


Lateral

Back 39

Nearer to the midline or midsagittal plane (Ulna is medial to the radius)

Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane (Lungs are lateral to the heart)

Front 40

Proximal


Distal

Back 40

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning (Humerus is proximal to the radius) (Nearer the shoulder)

Further from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning (The phalanges are sital to the carpals) (further away from the wrist)

Front 41

Superficial



Deep

Back 41

Toward or on the surface of the body


Away from the surface of the body

Front 42

Four Major Planes

Back 42

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts:

Sagittal (Midsagittal Plane)
Frontal
Transverse
Oblique.

Front 43

Sagittal


Midsagittal

Back 43

A sagittal plane (SAJ-i-tal; sagitt- = arrow) is a vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides

Midsagittal = two EQUAL right and left sides

Front 44

Frontal

Back 44

A frontal plane or coronal plane divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Front 45

Transverse

Back 45

A transverse plane divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. A transverse plane may also be called a cross-sectional or horizontal plane

Front 46

Oblique

Back 46

An oblique plane, by contrast, passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between the transverse plane and the frontal plane.