Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
chemisty
|
the science that deals with the structure of matter
|
|
|
matter
|
anything that takes up space and has mass
|
|
|
mass
|
a physical property that determines the weight of an object in Earth's gravitational field
|
|
|
atom
|
smallest stable unit of matter
|
|
|
subatomic particles
|
make up an atom: proton, neutron, electron
|
|
|
proton
|
(p+) subatomic particle with positive charge, found in nucleus
|
|
|
neutron
|
(n or n0) subatomic particle that is electrically neutral, located in nucleus
|
|
|
neutral
|
uncharged
|
|
|
electrons
|
(e-) subatomic partical with negative charge, found in electron shell
|
|
|
atomic number
|
the number of protons in an atom
|
|
|
hyrdrogen
|
simplest atom
|
|
|
electron cloud
|
part of atom contains electrons orbiting around the nucleus
|
|
|
electron shell
|
2D representation of electron cloud
|
|
|
electrical force
|
attraction between opposite electrical charges
|
|
|
nanometers
|
10^-9 meters
|
|
|
elements
|
all the atoms that have the same number of protons and thus the same atomic number
|
|
|
natrium
|
Latin word for sodium
|
|
|
periodic table
|
ggives chemical symbols and atomic numnbers of each element
|
|
|
trace elements
|
present in small amounts
|
|
|
isotopes
|
atoms whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
|
|
|
mass number
|
total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
|
|
|
radioisotopes
|
isotopes with nuclei that spontaneously emit subatomic particles or radiation in measurable amounts
|
|
|
decay
|
emission process of radioisotopes
|
|
|
half-life
|
the time required for half of a given amount of a radioisotope to decay
|
|
|
oxygen
|
atom with an atomic numnber of eight with eight protons and eight neutrons
|
|
|
atomic weight
|
actual mass of an atom
|
|
|
dalton
|
unit used to express the atomic weight
|
|
|
atomic mass unit
|
amu, dalton
|
|
|
mole
|
a quantity with a weight in grams equal to that element's atomic weight
|
|
|
avogadro's number
|
6.023x10^-23 number of atoms in a mole
|
|
|
energy levels
|
shells of the electron cloud
|
|
|
helium
|
two electrons in ts first energy level, so very stable
|
|
|
lithium
|
three electrons, 2 in first energy level, 1 in second, very reactive
|
|
|
neon
|
atomic number of 10, second energy level filled, very stable
|
|
|
inert
|
elements that do not readily participate in chemical processes
|
|
|
inert gases
|
gases whose atoms neither react with one another nor combine with atoms of other elements
|
|
|
reactive
|
readily interact or combine with other atoms
|
|
|
chemical bonds
|
hold participating atoms together once the reaction has ended
|
|
|
molecule
|
any chemical structure consisting of atoms held togehther by covalent bonds
|
|
|
compound
|
chemical structure that contains two or more elements
|
|
|
chemical notation
|
universal system used by chemists to designate elements and compounds, etc
|
|
|
ion
|
an atom or molecule that has a charge
|
|
|
cation
|
ion with positive charge
|
|
|
anion
|
ion with negative charge
|
|
|
ionic bonds
|
chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
|
|
|
electron donor
|
loses one or more elctrons and bcomes a cation, with a positive (+) charge
|
|
|
electron acceptor
|
gains electrons and becomes an anion, with a negative (-) charge
|
|
|
sodium ion
|
+1 charge
|
|
|
chloride ion
|
(Cl-), -1 charge
|
|
|
ionic compound
|
combination of ions
|
|
|
sodium chloride
|
table salt
|
|
|
covalent bond
|
atoms complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons with other atoms
|
|
|
single covalent bond
|
(--) sharing of one pair of electrons
|
|
|
double covalent bond
|
sharing of two pairs of electrons (=)
|
|
|
carbon dioxide
|
(CO2) generally produced as a waste product of chemical processes that consume oxygen
|
|
|
free radical
|
ion or molecule that contains unpaired electrons in its outermost energyy level
|
|
|
nitric oxide
|
(NO) free readical that has important functions in the body
|
|
|
nonpolar covalent bonds
|
covalent bond involving equal sharing of electrons
|
|
|
polar covalent bond
|
unequal sharing of electrons
|
|
|
hydrogen bonds
|
most important of the weak attractive forces, attraction between a &+ on the H atom of a polar covalent bond and a &- on an O or N atom of another polar covalent bond
|
|
|
surface tension
|
a barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water
|
|
|
solids
|
maintain volume and shape at ordinary temperatures and pressures
|
|
|
liquids
|
constant volume but no fixed shape
|
|
|
has
|
neither a constant volume nor a fixed shape
|
|
|
molecular weight
|
tthe sum of a molecule's atom's atomic weights
|
|
|
chemical reaction
|
new chemical bonds form between atoms or existing bonds between atoms are broken
|
|
|
reactants
|
atoms in the reacting substances
|
|
|
products
|
different substances, result of a chemical reaction
|
|
|
metabolism
|
all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
|
|
|
work
|
movement or a change in the physical structure of matter
|
|
|
energy
|
the capacity to perform work
|
|
|
kinetic energy
|
the energy of motion
|
|
|
potential energy
|
stored energy
|
|
|
heat
|
an increase in random molecular motion
|
|
|
decomposition
|
a reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments
|
|
|
hydrolysis
|
one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken and the components of a water molecuule (H and OH) are added the the resulting fragments
|
|
|
catabolism
|
thhe decommposition of molecules within cells
|
|
|
synthesis
|
assembles larger molecules from smaller components
|
|
|
dehydration synthesis
|
condensation, the formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water
|
|
|
anabolism
|
the synthesis of new compounds within the body
|
|
|
exchange reaction
|
parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around
|
|
|
exergonic
|
reactions that release energy
|
|
|
endergonic
|
reactions that absorb energy
|
|
|
equilibrium
|
the rates at which the 2 equations proceed are in balance
|
|
|
activation energy
|
the amount of energy required to start a reaction
|
|
|
enzymes
|
promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements
|
|
|
catalysts
|
compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed
|
|
|
nutrients
|
the essental elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet
|
|
|
metabolites
|
include all the molecules synthesized or broken down by chemical reaactions inside our bodies
|
|
|
inorganic compounds
|
generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as the primary structural ingredients
|
|
|
organic compounds
|
basis always formed by C and H
|
|
|
carbon dioxide
|
a byproduct of cell metabolism
|
|
|
oxygen
|
an atomospheric gas required in important metabolic reactions
|
|
|
water
|
accounts for most of our body weight
|
|
|
inorganic acids, bases, and salts
|
compounds held together partially or completely by ionic bonds
|
|
|
solution
|
uniform mixture of two or more substances
|
|
|
solvent
|
the medium in which other atoms, ions, or molecules are dispersed
|
|
|
solutes
|
the despersed substnaces
|
|
|
aqueous solution
|
water is the solvent
|
|
|
heat capacity
|
the ability to absorb and retain heat
|
