Anatomy & Physiology

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DNA

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a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. found in chromosomes

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RNA

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a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose, has a base uracil not thymine

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tRNA

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transfers a specific amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation.

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mRNA

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mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the ribosomes

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rRNA

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Ribosomal RNA is the central component of the ribosome, the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells. The function of the rRNA is to provide a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and to interact with the tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity

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RNA Polymerase

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an enzyme that produces RNA. In cells, RNAP is needed for constructing RNA chains from DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription.

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Transcription

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the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA. RNA synthesis, or transcription, is the process of transcribing DNA nucleotide sequence information into RNA sequence information

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Translation

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Translation is the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the ribosomes are located.

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Promoter

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a region of DNA that facilitates the transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are typically located near the genes they regulate, on the same strand

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Terminator

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a section of genetic sequence that marks the end of gene or operon on genomic DNA for transcription.

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Methionine

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Methionine is one of only two amino acids encoded by a single codon (AUG). The codon AUG is also the "Start" message for a ribosome that signals the initiation of protein translation from mRNA.

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Anticodon

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a unit made up of three nucleotides that correspond to the three bases of the codon on the mRNA. Each tRNA contains a specific anticodon triplet sequence that can base-pair to one or more codons for an amino acid.

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Start Codon

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The codon AUG is the "Start" message for a ribosome that signals the initiation of protein translation from mRNA.

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Genome

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a full set of chromosomes or genes in a gamete;

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Chromosomes

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an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.

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Somatic

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somatic cells contain two copies of each chromosome (diploid)

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Gametes

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sex cells, eggs and sperm which only contain one copy of each chromosome (haploid)

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Interphase

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Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division. Interphase is broken into G1, S, and G2

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Mitosis

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Mitosis is the process in which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus, into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei. Includes Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, & Telephase.

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Prophase

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the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome, Identical chromosomes, called sister chromatids, are attached to each other at a DNA element present on every chromosome called the centromere.

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Prometaphase

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The nuclear envelope disrupts, but its vesicles remain visible. Kinetochores mature and attach to some of the spindle microtubules.

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Metaphase

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condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells.

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Anaphase

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the stage of mitosis when chromosomes separate

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Telephase

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the nuclear envelope is reforming

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Cytokenesis

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usually occurs at the same time the nuclear envelope is reforming, a cleavage furrow develops where the metaphase plate used to be, pinching off the separated nuclei.

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Centromere

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a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two sister chromatids come in contact. It is involved in cell division as the point of mitotic spindle.

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G1

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first growth cycle of the interphase

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S

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Synthesis phase, DNA replication occurs producing 2 coppies of the chromosome

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G2

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cells continue to grow and prepare for cell devision, at a checkpoint in this phase the success of DNA replication is assessed, if all is well the cell enters M phase