Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

What is ventilation?

Back 1

The act of breathing (not the same as

respiration).

Front 2

What is respiration?

Back 2

The exchange of gases

Front 3

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

Back 3

a) Ventilation

b) Exchange of gases (respiration)

c) Regulating blood pH

d) producing speech

Front 4

What is the respiratory tract?

Back 4

The path of air from the nose to the lungs.

Front 5

What are the two sections of the respiratory tract?

Back 5

a) Upper respiratory tract

b) Lower respiratory tract

Front 6

What constitutes the upper respiratory tract?

Back 6

The beginning of the airway @ nostrils to the pharynx.

Front 7

What constitutes the lower respiratory tract?

Back 7

From the top of the trachea to the diaphragm

Front 8

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Back 8

1) Nasopharynx

2) Oropharynx

3) Laryngopharynx

Front 9

The top part of your throat where nasal cavity drains. Consists of the hard and soft palate.

Back 9

What is the nasopharynx?

Front 10

Bony plate that separates your mouth from your nose.

Back 10

What is the hard palate?

Front 11

Moves backward when you swallow so that the nasopharynx is blocked.

Back 11

What is the soft palate?

Front 12

Back 12

Soft palate

Front 13

Middle part of you throat, often called the back of the throat. Extends from the uvula to the level of the hyoid bone.

Back 13

What is the oropharynx?

Front 14

The epiglottis is located in the ________________

of the pharynx.

Back 14

The oropharynx portion

Front 15

Back 15

Nasal conchae (superior, middle, and inferior)

Front 16

Anteriorly, the nasal cavity merges with the external nose, and posteriorly it communicates with the pharynx through two openings called the__________________________.

Back 16

Internal nares or choanae

Front 17

Back 17

Internal nares (& ends of choanae)

Front 18

Back 18

Hyoid bone

Front 19

Extend out of each lateral wall of the nasal

cavity. Almost reaching the nasal septum,

subdivide each side of the nasal cavity into a

series of groovelike passageways.

Back 19

What are the nasal conchae?

Front 20

What are the groovelike passageways created by the conchae called?

Back 20

The superior, middle, and inferior meatuses

Front 21

Back 21

Thyroid cartilage (Adam's Apple)

Front 22

Back 22

Cricoid cartilage (posterior side of larynx)

Front 23

Back 23

Trachea cartilage

Front 24

Back 24

Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands

Front 25

Lower part of the throat adjacent to the larynx.

Back 25

What is the laryngopharynx?

Front 26

At apex of larynx and is commonly known as the Adam's apple.

Back 26

What is the thyroid cartilage?

Front 27

The voice box (triangular in shape).

Back 27

What is the larynx?

Front 28

A flap of tissue that covers your glottis and blocks food from getting into the larynx.

Back 28

What is the epiglottis?

Front 29

Is superior to the larynx, is an opening through which air passes.

Back 29

What is the glottis?

Front 30

Is located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra (T5), where it divides into right and left primary bronchi.

Back 30

What is the trachea?

Front 31

Are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage.

Back 31

What are arytenoid cartilages?

Front 32

Is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the

inferior wall of the larynx.

Back 32

What is the cricoid cartilage?

Front 33

What are the layers of the tracheal wall, from deep to superficial?

Back 33

(1) mucosa, (2) submucosa, (3) hyaline cartilage, and (4) adventitia (composed of areolar

connective tissue).

Front 34

The mucous membrane of the is__________ one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex.

Back 34

Carina

Front 35

What is the branching of the bronchiole tree?

Back 35

Trachea--> primary bronchi--> secondary

bronchi--> tertiary bronchi--> bronchioles-->

terminal bronchioles.

Front 36

Transports the blood containing the gas.

Back 36

What is the cardiovascular system?

Front 37

What are the two functional parts of the

respiratory system?

Back 37

a) conducting zone

b) respiratory zone

Front 38

Series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs. These function to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.

Back 38

What is the conducting zone?

Front 39

Tubes and tissues within lungs where gas

exchange occurs. Functionally, is the main sites for gas exchange between the air and blood.

Back 39

What is the respiratory zone?

Front 40

Why are the conchae and meatuses important?

Back 40

Increase the surface area in the internal nose and prevents dehydration by trapping H20

during exhalation.

Front 41

What are the 3 functions of the external nose?

Back 41

1) warm, moisten, filter incoming air

2) detecting olfactory stimuli

3) modifying speech vibrations

Front 42

What are the structures of the external nose?

Back 42

a) Boney framework

b) Cartilaginous framework

Front 43

The structures of the boney arch/framework?

Back 43

Frontal bone, nasal bone, and maxillae

Front 44

Back 44

The boney arch: frontal bone, nasal bone, and maxillae.

Front 45

Back 45

The cartilaginous framework: lateral nasal

cartilages, septal cartilage, alar cartilage.

Front 46

What happens to inhaled air as it whirls around the conchae and meatuses?

Back 46

It is warmed by blood capillaries.

Front 47

Mucus secreted by_________________, moisten the air and trap dust particles.

Back 47

Goblet cells

Front 48

Move the mucus and trapped dust particles

toward the pharynx, @ which point they can be swallowed.

Back 48

What are the cilia?

Front 49

Olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal cells in the respiratory region.

Back 49

What are olfactory epithelium?

Front 50

The most inferior cartilage of larynx.

Back 50

What is the circuit cartilage?

Front 51

What role do skeletal muscles play in regards to the pharynx?

Back 51

When relaxed they help keep it open. When they contract they help with deglutition.

Front 52

How many openings are in the nasopharynx?

Back 52

5:

- Two internal hares

- Two openings that lead to the auditory tubes

- One opening into the oropharynx

Front 53

Which section of the pharynx can you find the

pharyngeal or adnoid tonsils?

Back 53

They are located in the nasopharynx.

Front 54

The nasopharynx is lined with ________________ and _________________.

Back 54

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium, cilia.

Front 55

What is the interaction between the

nasopharynx and the auditory tubes?

Back 55

Exchanges small amounts of air to equalize air pressure between the pharynx and middle ear.

Front 56

Most important of the paired cartilages because they influence changes in position and tension of the vocal cords/folds.

Back 56

What is the arytenoid cartilages?

Front 57

_________________ is the land mark for making emergency airway.

Back 57

The cricoid cartilage

Front 58

Paired organs within the chest cavity on either side of the heart.

Back 58

What are the lungs?

Front 59

A powerful muscle that is fixed to the lower ribs, sternum, and lumbar vertebrae.

Back 59

What is the diaphragm?

Front 60

Which lung is larger than the other? Why?

Back 60

The right lung is larger and is separated into three lobes. Due to the space occupied by the heart, the left lung is about 10% smaller and is separated into 2 lobes.

Front 61

What separates the lungs?

Back 61

The heart and other structures of the mediastinum, which divides the thoracic cavity into two anatomically distinct chambers.

Front 62

Each lung is enclosed and protected by a

double‐layered serous membrane called the_______________________.

Back 62

Pleural membrane

Front 63

The superficial layer that lines the wall of the thoracic cavity.

Back 63

What is the parietal pleura?

Front 64

The deep layer, covers the lungs themselves.

Back 64

What is the visceral pleura?

Front 65

Between the visceral and parietal pleurae is a small space, which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes.

Back 65

What is the pleural cavity?

Front 66

This fluid reduces friction between the

membranes, allowing them to slide easily over one another during breathing.

Back 66

What is pleural fluid?

Front 67

Inflammation of the pleural membrane, may in its early stages cause pain due to friction

between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura.

Back 67

What is pleurisy or pleuritis?

Front 68

If the inflammation persists, excess fluid

accumulates in the pleural space, a condition known as _____________________.

Back 68

Pleural effusion

Front 69

The broad inferior portion of the lung, is concave and fits over the convex area of the diaphragm.

Back 69

What is the base?

Front 70

The narrow superior portion of the lung.

Back 70

What is the apex?

Front 71

The surface of the lung lying against the ribs, matches the rounded curvature of the ribs.

Back 71

What is the costal surface?

Front 72

The________________ is a region through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.

Back 72

Hilum or hilus

Front 73

Medially, the left lung contains a concavity, in which the apex of the heart lies.

Back 73

What is the cardiac notch?

Front 74

Back 74

Right lung: (starting left and going counter clockwise) oblique fissure, inferior lobe, middle lobe, and horizontal fissure.

Front 75

Back 75

Hilum and its contents

Front 76

Back 76

Left lung: (starting left and going counter

clockwise) apex, superior lobe, base, inferior lobe, oblique fissure.

Front 77

Interpleural fluid

Back 77

Completely surrounds the lungs and keeps them moist and lubricated.

Front 78

What role does interpleural fluid play in regards to pressure?

Back 78

Because the fluid has pressure lower than

atmosphere pressure the lungs stay inflated.

Front 79

What is at the end of the smallest bronchioles?

Back 79

Alveolar sacs

Front 80

What is contain within alveolar sacs?

Back 80

Alveoli

Front 81

The interface of simple squamous epithelial of an alveolus and the simple squamous epithelial of the pulmonary capillaries.

Back 81

What is the respiratory membrane?

Front 82

Alveoli are wrapped in what?

Back 82

Approximately 300 million capillaries that are adapted for the exchange of materials

(i.e. gases).

Front 83

Is the area of the lung where the epithelial cells of the alveoli meet the capillary to exchange gas.

Back 83

Again, what is the respiratory membrane?

Front 84

What role do folds and convolutions play in

regards to the respiratory membrane?

Back 84

Help increase the surface area for diffusion

Front 85

The mucus membrane of larynx forms what?

Back 85

Two folds:

1) Ventricular folds (false vocal cords)

2) Vocal folds (true vocal cords)

Front 86

The space between the ventricular folds.

Back 86

What are the rima vestibuli?

Front 87

When brought together they function in holding the breath against pressure (i.e. when you are lifting something heavy).

Back 87

What is the laryngeal sinus?

Front 88

Are the principal structures of voice production.

Back 88

What are the vocal folds?

Front 89

How do vocal folds work?

Back 89

Elastic bands/ligaments stretch between the rigid cartilage of the larynx like the stings of a guitar.

Front 90

What helps control both the rigid cartilage and the vocal folds?

Back 90

Intrinsic laryngeal muscle

Front 91

What happens in the larynx when muscle

contracts?

Back 91

They move the cartilage, which pulls the elastic ligaments tight.

Front 92

What role does air play in regards to the vocal folds?

Back 92

It vibrates the folds and produces sound

(phonation) by setting up sound waves in the

column of air in the pharynx, nose, and mouth.

Front 93

What roles does pressure play in producing sound?

Back 93

The greater the pressure of air the greater the sound produced by vibrating vocal cords.

Front 94

How is pitch controlled?

Back 94

By tension on vocal cords. If they are pulled tight by muscle they vibrate more rapidly= higher pitch.

Front 95

Why do men typically have lower voices?

Back 95

Decreasing muscle tension causes them to

vibrate more slowly. Testosterone makes male vocal cords thicker with longer folds. As a result, they vibrate more slowly.

Front 96

Terminal bronci represent what?

Back 96

The end of the conducting zone of respiratory system

Front 97

Terminal bronchioles contain_______________ that protect against harmful effects of inhaled toxins and produce surfactant and function as stem cells.

Back 97

Clara cells

Front 98

What is surfactant?

Back 98

A complex mixture of phospholipids and

lipoproteins. Lowers the surface tension of

alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse and thus maintains their

patency.

Front 99

Are more numerous and made up of simple squamous epithelial cells that form a nearly

continuous lining of the alveolar wall. Also the main sites of gas exchange.

Back 99

What are type I alveolar cells?

Front 100

Also called septal cells, they are fewer in number and are found between type I alveolar cells. They are rounded or cuboidal epithelial cells with free surfaces containing microvilli, and secrete

alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist.

Back 100

What are Type II alveolar cells?

Front 101

Back 101

Type II alveolar cell

Front 102

Back 102

Type I alveolar cell

Front 103

How does the exchange of 02 and C02 between the air spaces in the lungs and the blood take place?

Back 103

By diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls, which together form the respiratory

membrane.

Front 104

What are the four layers of the respiratory

membrane?

Back 104

1) Alveolar wall

2) Epithelial basement membrane

3) Capillary basement membrane

4) Capillary endothelium

Front 105

What happens during exercise what happens to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Back 105

Activity increases and the adrenal medulla

releases hormones epinephrine and

nore-epinephrine.

Front 106

What happens when epinephrine and

nore-epinephrine are released?

Back 106

Both cause relaxation of smooth muscle in

bronchioles which dilates airways.

Front 107

What begins the respiratory zone?

Back 107

The respiratory bronchioles

Front 108

A cup shaped out pouching lined by squamous epithelium and supported by thin elastic

basement membrane.

Back 108

What are alveolus?

Front 109

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening.

Back 109

What are alveolar sacs?

Front 110

Phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces.

Back 110

What are alveolar macrophages?

Front 111

How does the lung receive blood?

Back 111

From two sets of arteries:

1) Pulmonary

2) Bronchial

Front 112

What are the only arteries that carry

deoxygenated blood?

Back 112

The pulmonary arteries

Front 113

How is oxygenated blood returned to the heart?

Back 113

Via 4 pulmonary veins which drain into the left atrium

Front 114

How does deoxygenated blood arrive at the heart?

Back 114

Passes through pulmonary trunk which divides into the left & right pulmonary arteries that

enter the right and left lung.

Front 115

Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia (low 02) diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of lungs to well ventilated regions for more efficient gas exchange.

Back 115

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

Front 116

What happens before each inhalation?

Back 116

The air pressure inside the lungs is equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere.

Front 117

What must happen in order for air to flow into the lungs?

Back 117

The pressure inside the alveoli must become lower than the atmospheric pressure.

Front 118

How do lower the pressure inside the alveoli?

Back 118

It is achieved by increasing the size of the lungs.

Front 119

What are the 3 basic steps of respiration?

Back 119

a) Pulmonary ventilation

b) External pulmonary respiration

c) Internal tissue respiration

Front 120

Is the inhalation and exhalation of air and

involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli.

Back 120

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Front 121

Exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillary across the respiratory membrane. The pulmonary blood gains 02 and loses C02.

Back 121

What is external pulmonary respiration?

Front 122

Exchanges gases between blood in systemic

capillary and tissue cells. Blood loses 02 and gains C02.

Back 122

What is internal tissue respiration?

Front 123

Within cell, the metabolic reaction the consumes 02 and gives off C02 during the production of ATP.

Back 123

What is cellular respiration?

Front 124

Pressure of a gas in a closed container is

inversely proportional to the volume of the

container.

Back 124

What is Boyle's Law?

Front 125

How does Boyle's Law apply to the lungs?

Back 125

For inhalation to occur, lungs must expand which increases lung volume and decreases the pressure in the lungs to below atmospheric

pressure. During exhalation the volume of the lungs decreases which increases the pressure of the lungs to be greater than atmospheric

pressure.

Front 126

What are the main muscles that contract for

inhalation?

Back 126

a) Diaphragm

b) External intercostals

Front 127

During deep laboured breathing, what accessory muscles participate in inhalation?

Back 127

a) Sternocleidomastoid

b) Scalenes

b) Pectoralis major

Front 128

The __________________ is a dome shaped muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity.

Back 128

Diaphragm

Front 129

Fibres that innervate the diaphragm, emerge from spinal chord @ cervical level 3,4, & 5.

Back 129

What is the phrenic nerve?

Front 130

Contraction of ________________ is responsible for about 75% of the air that enters lungs.

Back 130

Diaphragm*

Front 131

2nd most important muscle for inhalation. When these contract they elevate the ribs. As a result there is an increase in the anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the chest cavity. Responsible for 25% of the air inhaled.

Back 131

What are the external intercostal muscles?

Front 132

During normal inhalation the pressure between these two cavities is always sub atmospheric. About 4 mmHg less than the atmosphere or about 756 mmHg.

Back 132

What is intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure?

Front 133

As volume in lungs increase the pressure in the lungs drops from 760 mmHg to 758 mmHg.

Back 133

What is alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure?

Front 134

Normal exhalation is a ___________________

because there is no muscular contractions.

Back 134

Passive process

Front 135

Exhalation results from____________________ of the chest walls and lungs.

Back 135

Elastic recoil

Front 136

What are the 2 inwardly directed forces that

result in elastic recoil?

Back 136

a) Recoil of elastic fibres that were stretched during inhalation.

b) Inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar tissue.

Front 137

A thin layer of alveolar fluid that coats the

luminal surface of alveoli and extras force.

Back 137

What is surface tension?

Front 138

________________________ arises at all air-water

interfaces because the polar H20 molecules are more strongly attracted to each other than they are to gas molecules in the air.

Back 138

Surface tension

Front 139

What does surface tension cause in the lungs?

Back 139

The alveoli to assume smallest possible

diameter.

Front 140

Surface tension accounts for ____________ of the

lungs elastic recoil.

Back 140

2/3

Front 141

Refers to how much effort is required to stretch the lungs and chest wall.

Back 141

What is compliance?

Front 142

Compliance is related to what 2 factors?

Back 142

a) Elasticity

b) Surface tension

Front 143

What can cause a decrease in the compliance of the lungs?

Back 143

a) Scar tissue

b) Pulmonary edema

c) Deficiency in surfactant

d) Impediment to lung expansion

Front 144

The volume of breath.

Back 144

What is tidal volume (Vt)?

Front 145

The total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute.

Back 145

What is minute ventilation (MV)?

Front 146

A lower team normal MV is a sing of what?

Back 146

Pulmonary malfunction

Front 147

Apparatus commonly used to measure volume of air exchange during breathing, or respiratory rate.

Back 147

What is a spirometer or respirometer?

Front 148

In a typical adult___________ tidal volume (350ml)

actually reaches the respiratory zone.

Back 148

70%

Front 149

Air that does not undergo respiratory exchange.

Back 149

What is anatomic (respiratory) dead space?

*About the same in ml as your weight in pounds

Front 150

What happens with the remaining 30% of air?

Back 150

Remains in conducting airways

Front 151

Volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone.

Back 151

What is alveolar ventilation rate?

Front 152

The additional air that can be forcibly inhaled

after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume. Is about 3100 ml in men and 1900 ml in women.

Back 152

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Front 153

Is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume. Is 1200 ml in men and 700 ml in women of air.

Back 153

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Front 154

The volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs in 1 second at max effort.

Back 154

What is forced air expiratory volume?

Front 155

Even after the expiratory reserve volume is

exhaled, considerable aire remains in the lungs in the noncollapsible airways. This volume

cannot be measured and is about 1200 ml in men and 1100 ml in women.

Back 155

What is residual volume?

Front 156

Why does some are remain in the lungs even

after exhalation?

Back 156

Because the sub atmospheric intrepleural

pressure keeps the alveoli slightly inflated and some are gets trapped in the noncollapsible airways.

Front 157

What happens after a quiet inhalation?

Back 157

Inspiratory reserve volume does not contain any air.

Front 158

Diffusion of 02 and C02 is governed by what two laws?

Back 158

a) Dalton's law

b) Henry's law

Front 159

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases are present.

Back 159

What is Dalton's law?

Front 160

The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture.

Back 160

What is partial pressure (Px)?

Front 161

Partial pressure is part of which law?

Back 161

Dalton's

Front 162

Partial pressure does what?

Back 162

Determines the movement of 02 and C02

between the atmosphere and lungs, between the lungs and blood, and between the blood and body cells.

Front 163

How do you calculate the total pressure?

Back 163

By adding all the partial pressures

Front 164

What happens if there is a large partial pressure gradient?

Back 164

The faster the diffusion

Front 165

What is the partial pressure gradient mean?

Back 165

Gases diffuse across a permeable membrane from an area where its partial pressure is greater to the area where its partial pressure is less.

*Think of a super soaker= build up pressure and it shoots out.