Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

the innermost layer of a blood vessel

Back 1

tunica interna

Front 2

the middle layer of a blood vessel, containing smooth muscle tissue and collagen and elastic fibers

Back 2

tunica media

Front 3

forms a sheath around the blood vessel

Back 3

tunica externa

Front 4

when muscles in the vessel wall contract, and the artery constricts

Back 4

vasoconstriction

Front 5

relaxation of the diameter of the artery and its central opening, or "lumen"

Back 5

vasodilation

Front 6

large, extremely resilient vessels

Back 6

elastic arteries

Front 7

medium sized arteries, or distribution arteries

Back 7

muscular arteries

Front 8

the only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid

Back 8

capillaries

Front 9

a thickening and toughening of arterial walls, due to cholesterol

Back 9

arteriosclerosis

Front 10

the entrance to each capillary which is a band of smooth muscle

Back 10

precapillary sphincter

Front 11

where blood bypasses a capillary bed and goes through a vessel that connects an arteriole to a venule

Back 11

arteriovenous anastomosis

Front 12

the peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole

Back 12

systolic pressure

Front 13

the minimum blood pressure at the end of ventricular diastole

Back 13

diastolic pressure

Front 14

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures

Back 14

pulse pressure

Front 15

a consistent elevation in blood pressure

Back 15

hypertension

Front 16

term for when the hematocrit is reduced due to inadequate production of hemoglobin,RBCs or both

Back 16

anemia

Front 17

what generates the third and fourth heart sounds heard through a stethoscope, and also slows flow, & increases resistence

Back 17

turbulence

Front 18

turbulent blood flow across damaged or misaligned heart valves produces the sound of?

Back 18

heart murmurs

Front 19

two factors that affect blood flow

Back 19

pressure and resistance

Front 20

systemic pressures are highest in the _____ and lowest at the _____

Back 20

aorta, venae cavae

Front 21

osmotic pressure of blood

Back 21

25 mmHg

Front 22

pressures at the entrance to the right atrium average approximately

Back 22

2 mmHg

Front 23

capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) is _____ at the arteriolar end, and _____ at the venous end

Back 23

35 mmHg, 18mmHg

Front 24

the mechanisms involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function include

Back 24

Autoregulation, Neural mechanisms, Endocrine mechanisms

Front 25

monitor the degree of stretch in the walls of expandable organs

Back 25

baroreceptors

Front 26

respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in blod and cerebrospinal fluid

Back 26

chemoreceptor reflexes

Front 27

released at the posterior pituitary gland in response to a decrease in blood volume, an increase in the osmotic concentration, or in response to the presence of angiotensin II

Back 27

antidiuretic hormone

Front 28

formed in the blood following the relaease of the enzyme renin by specialized kidney cells in response to a fall in blood pressure

Back 28

angiotensin II

Front 29

released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low, and stimulates red blood cell production

Back 29

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Front 30

three variable factors that influence tissue blood flow are:

Back 30

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure

Front 31

at rest, cardiac output averages about

Back 31

5.8 liters per minute

Front 32

as you inhale, decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity draws air into the lungs. this drop in pressure causes the inferior vena cava and right atrium to expand and fill with blood, which increases venous return.

Back 32

the respiratory pump

Front 33

large reservoirs of slowly moving venous blood in the liver, bone marrow, and skin (restoring cardiac output to normal levels)

Back 33

venous reserve

Front 34

a bulging in the weakened wall of a blood vessel

Back 34

aneurysm

Front 35

a hereditary disease that affects the connective tissue within the vessel wall

Back 35

Marfan's syndrome

Front 36

results from atherosclerosis and occurs fmost frequently in the aorta, below the renal arteries and above the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

Back 36

abdominal aortic aneurysm

Front 37

result from degenerative changes in the smooth muscle and elastic tissue of the aortic tunica media that can result in hematoma and, subsequently, aneurysm.

Back 37

dissecting aneurysm

Front 38

cerebral arterial circle of the brain

Back 38

circle of wilis

Front 39

the sudden occlusion of arterial blood flow due to trauma, thrombosis, tumor, embolus, or idiopathic means

Back 39

acute arteral occlusion

Front 40

blood leaving the capillaries supplied by the celiac, superior, and inferor mesenteric arteries flows to the liver through the

Back 40

hepatic portal system

Front 41

stroke volume(cc's) X heart rate(bpm) =

Back 41

cardiac output

Front 42

a hole after bursting from an aneurysm

Back 42

rupture

Front 43

the five P's of acute arterial occlusion

Back 43

-Pain
-Pallor(no blood)
-Pulselessness
-Paralysis(lack of motor)
-Paresthesia(numbness)