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75 Cards in this Set
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What are the four types of tissue? |
Epithelia, connective, muscle, and neural |
Epithelial-wrapping & lining Connective-packing peanuts a.specialized cells b.extracellular protein (outside of the cell) c.ground substance Muscle-movement Neural-information |
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What is the difference between simple epithelium and stratified epithelium? |
Simple- is a single layer of cells Stratified- is several layers of cells |
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What are the three types of cells that make up epithelial tissues (based on shape)? |
Squamaous epithelia- thin and flat Cuboidal epithelia- square shaped Columnar epithelia- tall, slender rectangles |
Squamous found in the mouth, anus, throat, vagina, and skin Cuboidal found in mucous glands Columnar transports |
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What is the difference between an endocrine gland and exocrine gland? |
Endocrine gland- release hormones into intestinal fluid, no ducts Exocrine gland- produce secrestions onto epithelical surfaces through ducts |
Endo is always blood |
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Describe Merocrine secretion at the cellular level. What is an example of a Merocrine gland? |
Is produced in Golgi apparatus, is released by vesicles (exocytsis) Ex: Sweat glands |
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Describe Apocrine secretion at the cellular level. What is an example of an Apocrine gland? |
Is produced in Golgi apparatus, is released by shredding cytoplasm. Ex: mammary gland, apocrine sweat glands in the armpit |
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Describe Holocrine secretion at the cellular level. What is an example of an Holocrine gland? |
Is released by cells busting, killing gland cells, glands cells replaced by stem cells. Ex: sebaceous gland |
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What are the three kinds of connective tissue? |
Connective tissue, fluid connective, supporting connective |
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What are the two kinds of connective tissue proper? What distinguishes them from each other? |
Loose and dense Loose- fibers, create loose, open framework Dense- fibers densely packed |
Loose-More ground substance than protein fibers Dense-more protein fibers than ground substance |
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What are the two kinds of Fluid connective tissue? |
Blood- contained in cardovascular system Lymph- contained in lymphoid system |
Blood-Red & white Lymph-T cells & B cells Both are ground substance:plasma |
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What are the two kinds of supporting connective tissue? |
Cartilage- solid, rubbery matrix Bone- solid, crystalline matrix |
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What is a fibroblast? |
The most abundant, responsible for producing connective tissue fibers like collagen and elastin |
Makes fibers |
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What is a Macrophage? |
"Big Eaters" remove damaged cells or pathogens |
Pac man Eat bacteria, old cells, cancerous cells |
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What is a Adipocyte? |
Fat cells that store extra energy in the form of lipids |
Fat cells |
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What is a Mast cell? |
Small mobile cells that are responsible for beginning tissue repair processes by secreting chemicals |
Security guard Secretes Histamine, heparin, prostaglandin Considered a mediator |
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What are the differences between collagen, reticular and elastic fibers? |
Collagen- Long straight unbranched strong and flexible. The most common fiber in connective tissue. Reticular- The least common fiber, thinner than collagen and form a branching interwoven network Elastic- contain the protein elastin. Branched and wavy and after stretching will return to their original length |
Collagen-protein fiber-fiber last Elastic-stretch Reticular-net |
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What is ground substance? |
Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen movement |
Clear colorless viscous liquid (maple syrup) |
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What are the two cell types in blood? What functions do they perform? |
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen, about 50% of the volume of blood. White blood cells (leukocytes) important part of the immune system |
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What do platelets do? |
cell fragments important for clotting |
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What is chondrocyte? |
cartilage cells surrounded by lacunae (chambers). Cartilage structure no blood vessels: produce antiangiogensis factor |
Cartilage Collagen |
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What is Hyaline cartilage? Where would one find it in the body? |
stiff, flexible support reduces friction between bones found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea |
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What is Elastic cartilage? where would one find it in the body? |
supportive but bends easily. Found in external ear and epiglottis |
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What is Fibrous cartilage? Where would one find it in the body? |
Limits movement, prevents bone to bone contact, pads knee joints. Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs |
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What is an Osteocyte? |
Bone cells arranged around central canals within matrix, small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply |
Mature bone cells |
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What are the four types of membranes? |
Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial |
Mucous-anywhere connected outside (mucus) Serous-anywhere not connected outside (heart, lungs, bladder) Cutaneous-skin Synovial-freely moveable joint |
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What do Mucous membranes secrete? Why? |
Line passageways that have external connections. Secrete mucus lubricates the membranes and protects against infection |
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What is the function of a Parietal Serous Membrane? |
Line the walls of the body cavity |
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What is the function of a Visceral Serous Membrane? |
Covers the organs prevents friction between the organ and the lining of the cavity |
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Where would one find the Pleural Membrane? The Peritoneum? The Pericardium? |
Pleural- lines lung cavities; covers lungs Peritoneum- Lines abdominal cavity ; ability to stretch covers abdominal organs Pericardium- Lines heart cavity; covers the heart |
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What is the cutaneous membrane? |
Is skin, surface of the body, thick, waterproof, and dry |
Skin |
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What is a Synovial Membrane? |
Line moving, articulating joint cavities, produce synovial fluid (lubricant) protect the ends of bones |
Freely moveable joint |
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What are the three types of muscle tissue? Which are voluntary? Which are involuntary? |
Skeletal Muscle: Large body muscles responsible for movement. Cardiac muscle- found only in the heart Smooth muscle- found in walls of hollow, contracting organs (blood vessels, urinary bladder, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts) |
Skeletal-voluntary Smooth-involuntary Cardiac-involuntary |
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What are the two cell types in Neural tissue? What do they do? |
Neurons- nerve cells, perform electrical communication Neuroglia- supporting cells, repair and supply nutrients to neurons |
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What is dendrite? An axon? |
Dendrite- short branches extending from the cell body, receive incoming signals. Axon- Long, thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination |
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Where do signals enter a neuron? Where do they exit? |
Brain and spinal cord |
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When speaking about long bones, What is the diaphysis? The epiphysis? |
Diaphysis- the shaft, a heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone, a central space called medullary (marrow) cavity Epiphysis- wide part at each end, articulation with other bones, mostly spongy (cancellous) bone, covered with compact bone (cortex) |
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What is the difference between compact (dense) bone and spongy (trabecullar) bone? Where would one find each type in the skeleton? |
Compact- Osteon is the basic unit; osteocytes are arranged in concentric lamellae, around a central canal containg vessels, perforating canals perpendicular to the central canal, carry blood vessels into bone and marrow Spongy- does not have osteon, the matrix forms an open network of trabeculae, Trabeculae have no blood vessels, the space between trabeculae is filled with red bone marrow and yellow marrow |
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What is located in the hollow shaft of long bones? |
Medullary cavity (marrow) |
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What are the three cell types in Bone tissue? What are their functions? |
Osteocytes- maintain protein and mineral content of matrix, to help repair damaged bone (mature) Osteoblasts- immature bone cells that secrete matrix compounds (build bone) Osteoclasts- secrete acids and protein digesting enzymes (bone crunchers) |
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What is the difference between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification? |
Intramembranous begins deep in the dermis with development of osteoblasts, produces flat bones of the skull and the manible (lower jaw) and clavicle (collarbone) Endochondral- ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage (knee joints), there are six main steps in endochondral ossification |
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What is calcitriol? What does it do? |
Calcitriol is a hormone made in the kidneys, helps absorb calcium and phosphorous from digestive tract. Synthesis requires vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
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What is the relationship between PTH (parathyroid hormone) and calcitonin? |
PTH produced by parathyroid glands in the neck increase calcium ion levels by stimulating osteoclasts increasing intestinal absorption of calcium and decreasing calcium excertion at kidneys (calcium in the blood) Calcitonin- secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid decreased calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity, increasing calcium excretion at kidneys (calcium in the bone) |
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What is Osteopenia? Osteoporsis? |
Osteopenia begins between ages 30 and 40, women lose 8% of bone mass per decade men 3%. Osteoporsis is severe bone loss, affects normal function, over age 45 occurs in 29% of women and 18% of men |
Osteopenia-poverty weak bones Osteoporosis-brittle bones |
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What are the two main divisons of the skeletal system? |
Axial and appendicular |
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What are the 8 cranial bones? Locate them on a skull |
Frontal, Parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid Frontal-forms the anterior cranium and upper eye sockets Parietal-forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the cranium, Occipital-forms the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium temporal-surround and protect the inner ear, attach the muscles of jaw and head Sphenoid-part of the floor of the cranium unites cranial and facial bones strenthens sides of the skull |
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What is the Maxilla? |
Upper jaw |
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What is the Mandible? |
Lower jaw bone, the only moveable facial bone |
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What is the Zygometric Bone? |
Cheek bones |
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Where are the Lacrimal Bones? |
contain tear ducts |
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Where is the Hyoid Bones? What is its function? |
Supports the larynx, attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue |
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How many vertebrae are there in the vertebral column? How many cervical vertebrae? How many Thoracic vertebrae? How many lumbar vertebrae? |
24 vertebrae+Sacrum+coccyx 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar |
Cervical-7 (breakfast) Thoracic-12 (lunch) Lumbar-5 (dinner) |
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What is the Sacrum? The coccyx? |
The sacrum is at the bottom of the spine and lies between the fifth segment of the lumbar spine. Coccyx is the remnant of a tail (tailbone) |
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What bones are called the Atlas and the Axis? |
Atlas-first cervical vertebra Axis-Second cervical vertebra |
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What are the three main parts of the thoracic cage? |
Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and sternum (breastbone) |
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How many True ribs are there? How many False ribs? |
7 true ribs 5 false ribs |
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Why are false ribs referred to as "false". |
They do not attach directly to the sternum |
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What are the three parts of the Sternum. Locate them on the skeleton |
The manubrium, the sternal body, the xiphoid process |
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Where is the Pectoral Girdle? What are the two bones we talked about that are part of the Pectoral girdle? |
Also called the shoulder girdle, connects the arms to the body, positions the shoulders, provides a base for arm movement consists of two clavicles, two scapulae. Connects with the axial skeleton only at the manubrium |
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What is the name of the arm bone? |
The Humerus |
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What are the names of the two bones of the forearm? |
Consists of two long bones: ulna (medial)(pinky) and radius (lateral)(thumb) |
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Where would one find the carpal bones? How many are there? |
Eight carpal bones: formal proximal carpal bones, four distal carpal bones. Allows wrist to bend and twist |
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Where are the metacarples? How many are there? |
The five long bones of the hand, numbered I-V from lateral (thumb) to medial, articulate with proximal phalanges |
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What are Phalanges? |
The hands (14 total finger bones), pollex (thumb): two phalanges (proximal, distal) fingers: three phalanges (middle, distal) |
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Where is the Pelvic Girdle? What are the coxal bones? What three bones are fused to make up the coxal bones? |
Made up of two hip bones (coxal bones) strong to bear body weight, stress of movement part of the pelvis. Coxal bones make up three fused bones:Ilium (articulates with sacrum), Ischium, pubis |
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What is the Acetabulum? |
Also called the hip socket, is the meeting point of the Ilium, Ischium and pubis, is on the lateral surface of the hip bone (coxal bone) |
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What is the name of the thigh bone? |
Femur |
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What is the name of the bone that makes up your kneecap? |
Patella |
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What are the two bones of the leg? |
Tibia and Fibula |
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What are Tarsals? Meta Tarsals? |
Ankle and foot |
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What is the calcaneus? |
Heel bone that transfers weight from talus to ground, and attaches calcaneal (achilles) tendon |
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What does Diathrosis mean? What kind of joints are involved? |
Freely moveable joints. Ex: the knee and elbow |
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What is the difference between flexion, extension, and hyperextension? |
Flexion-angular motion, anterior-posterior plane, reduces angle between elements Extension-angular motion, anterior-posterior plane, increases angle between elements Hyperextension-angular motion, extension past anatomical position |
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What is abduction and adduction? Circumduction? |
Abduction-angular motion, frontal plane, moves away from the body Adduction-moves toward the body Circumduction-circular motion without rotation |
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What is the difference between Pronation and Supination? |
Pronation rotates forearm, radius over ulna Supination- forearm in anatomical position |
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Name an example of each of these different kinds of Synovial joints: |
Gliding-End of clavicles, between carpals and tarsals Hinge-between occipital bone and atlas, elbow, knee, ankle Pivot-rotation of the head pronantion, and supination of the ulna Ellipsad-between radius and carpals, in the phalanges Saddle-thumbs Ball and socket-shoulder and hip joints |
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