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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nutrients |
- Chemicals from the environment that organisms need for survival - Used to supply energy to fuel metabolic processes, and for building blocks for producing the molecules the body needs |
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Macronutrients |
- Required in large quantities: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins |
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Micronutrients |
- Required in small amounts: vitamins and minerals |
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Essential Nutrients |
- Nutrients that the body cannot synthesize (or cannot synthesize in sufficient quantity), so they must be obtained from the diet |
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Carbohydrates |
- Organic compounds - Include the sugars and starches - Energy held in their chemical bonds is used to power cellular processes |
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Polysaccharides |
- Complex carbohydrates - Starch from plant foods - Glycogen from meats |
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Disaccharides |
- Simple carbohydrates - Double sugars - Milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar and molasses |
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Monosaccharides |
- Simple carbohydrates - Single sugars - From honey and fruits |
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Excess Glucose |
- Converted into glycogen by glycogenesis, and stored in liver and muscle cells - After storing a certain amount of glycogen, this type of glucose is converted into fats by lipogenesis, and stored in the adipose tissue |
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Lipids |
- Organic compounds that include fats, oils and fat- like substances, such as phospholipids and cholesterol - Supply energy for cellular processes - Serve as building blocks for structures such as cell membranes - The most common dietary lipids are fats called Triglycerides (composed of glycerol & fatty acids) |
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Saturated fats |
- Mainly in foods of animal origin, such as meat, eggs, milk and lard - Also in palm and coconut oils - No double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acids - Associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease |
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Unsaturated Fats |
- Found in seeds, nuts, and plant oils - Contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms - Monounsaturated fats are the healthiest |
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Cholesterol |
- Abundant in liver and egg yolk - Some in whole milk, butter, cheese and meats - Not found in foods of plant origin |
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Proteins |
- Consists of chains of amino acids - Functions include: Building more proteins (structural proteins, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, clotting factors, and other plasma proteins) - Also supply energy: ->Broken down or digested into amino acids |
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Foods that contain proteins |
- Meats, fish, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, eggs are high - Legumes (beans and peas) contain less |
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20 types of Amino Acids |
- 12 can be synthesized by the body = Non- essential - 8 cannot be synthesized = Essential - All 20 must be present at the same time, in order for protein synthesis to occur |
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Complete Proteins |
- Contain adequate amounts of the essential amino acids to main good health; found in meant, milk and eggs |
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Incomplete Proteins |
- Do not contain adequate amounts of essential amino acids; found in many plant proteins |
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Deficiencies |
- Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins supply energy for all metabolic processes - Can cause consumption of structural molecules (such as muscle proteins), leading to death |
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Excesses |
- Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins supply energy for all metabolic processes - Can lead to obesity, which is damaging to health |
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Calorie |
- The amount of potential energy a food contains - Units of heat - Content of foods can be measured by a bomb calorimeter - Example: Carbohydrates: 4.1 calories/ gram Proteins: 4.1 calories/ gram Lipids: 9.5 calories/ gram |
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) |
- The rate at which body expends energy under basal conditions (awake & at rest, after overnight fasting, in comfortable environment) - This primary reflects energy needed to support the activities of the organs - Varies with gender, body size, body temperature, thyroid hormone activity - Maintaining BMR requires body's greatest energy expenditure - Energy is need in the body: -> To maintain BMR -> To support muscular activity -> To maintain body temperature -> For growth in children and pregnant women |
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Energy Balance |
- Exists when caloric intake from food equals caloric output from BMR and muscular activities - The body weight remains constant - If caloric intake exceeds output, tissues store excess nutrients -> Positive Energy Balance: leads to weight gain - If caloric expenditure exceeds intake, tissues are broken down for energy -> Negative Energy Balance: Leads to weight loss |
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Body Mass Index (BMI) |
- Used today to assess weight, taking height into consideration |
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Overweight |
- Defined as exceeding desirable weight by 10% - 20% or BMI of 25 or 30 |
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Obesity |
- Defined as exceeding desirable weight by >20%, or with a BMI over 30 - Defined as excess adipose tissue - Almost 1/3 of adults in the US are.. - Increases risk for type 2 diabetes, digestive disorders, heart disease, kidney failure, hypertension, stroke, certain cancers - Both heredity and environment can contribute to this - Certain genes are involved with the control of hunger & satiety by the hypothalamus - Treatments: Diet & exercise (losing 1 lb requires burning 3,500 calories) - Drug therapy (can be effective, but many drugs are harmful) - Surgery: 3 types of bariatric surgery are used to treat this |
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Appetite |
- Drive that compels us to seek food - Control by the antagonistic hormones, Leptin and Grehlin |
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Vitamins |
- Organic compounds, other than carbohydrates, lipids & proteins, that are required in small amounts for normal metabolic processes
- Essential nutrients - Cannot be synthesized by the body cells in adequate amounts - Classified on the basis of solubility: -> Fat- soluble: A, D, E, and K -> Water- soluble: B and C |
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Fat- Soluble Vitamins |
- Dissolve in fats - Influenced by the same factors that affect lipid absorption - Bile salts promote fat- soluble vitamin absorption - Stored in moderate amounts in tissues, so excess intake leads to overdose - Resistant to heat; not often destroyed by cooking &/or food processing - Includes vitamins A, D, E and K |
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Water- soluble vitamins |
- B vitamins and vitamin C - Cooking and food processing destroy some of them - B vitamins are essential for normal cellular metabolism - B vitamins are usually found in the same foods, so together, they are known as the Vitamin B Complex |
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Minerals |
- Inorganic elements that are essential in metabolism - Usually extracted from the soil by plants - Obtained from plant foods or animals that have eaten plants |
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Major Minerals |
- macrominerals account for .05% or more of the body weight -> Calcium -> Phosphorus -> Potassium -> Sulfur -> Sodium -> Chlorine -> Magnesium - Ca & P account for nearly 75% by weight of the mineral elements of the body |
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Trace Elements |
- Microminerals - Essential minerals found in minute amounts; each makes up less than .005% of body weight - Include: -> Iron -> Manganese -> Copper -> Iodine -> Cobalt -> Zinc -> Fluorine -> Selenium -> Chromium |
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Malnutrition |
- Poor nutrition that results from a lack of essential nutrients or inability to use them - Causes: -> Lack of food availability, poor quality of food, overeating, taking too many supplements |
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Undernutrition |
- Malnutrition resulting from deficiency of essential nutrients |
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Overnutrition |
- Malnutrition resulting from excess of nutrient intake |
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Primary Malnutrition |
- Malnutrition from diet alone |
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Secondary Malnutrition |
- Adequate diet, but individual characteristics make the diet insufficient (such as a person with a deficiency of bile salts developing a deficiency of fat- soluble vitamins) |
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Starvation |
- A healthy human can survive 50-70 days without food - Body will begin to digest itself - Symptoms: Include low BP, slow pulse, chills, dry skin, hair loss, & poor immunity |
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Marasmus |
- Due to lack of calories and protein
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Kwashiorkor |
- Protein starvation |
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Anorexia nervosa |
- Eating disorder - Self- starvation |
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Bulimia |
- Eating disorder - Binge and purge cycles |
