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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Esophagus
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posterior and adjacent to trachea
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Movement of air thru Respiratory System
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vertically and transversely
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Pleural Linings (2)
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Visceral - Houses lungs
Parietal - lining of thoracic cavity |
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Phrenic nerves
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Contracts the diaphragm
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Anterior Thoracic Muscle
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Accessory muscles of Inspiration:
External intercostals |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of External Intercostals
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Accessory muscle of inspiration
Origin: lower parts of ribs 1-11 Insertion: upper parts of next rib Function: elevates rib cage |
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Posterior Thoracic Muscles
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Accessory muscle of inspiration
Levator costarum (longis and brevis) |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Levator Costarum Longis
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Origin: Transverse process of T7 to T10
Insertion: T7 to T9 Function: elevates rib cage |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Levator Costarum Brevis
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Origin: Transverse process of C7 to T11
Insertion: T7 to T8 Function: Elevate the rib cage |
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Serratus posterior superior
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Accessory muscle of inspiration
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Serratus Posterior superior
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Origin: C7 to T3
Insertion: Ribs 2-5 Function: Elevates the rib cage |
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Accessory muscles of the neck used in inspiration
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Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus (anterior, middle, posterior) |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Sternocleidomastoid
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Origin: Mastoid process
Insertion: Sternum & clavicle Function: elevates the clavicle |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Scalenus (anterior, middle, posterior)
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Origin: C3-C7
Insertion: 1st 2 ribs Function: Elevates rib 1 |
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Muscles of upper arm & shoulder used in inspiration
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Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor Trapezius |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Pectoralis Major
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Origin: Sternum & Clavicle
Insertion: humerus Function: Elevates sternum |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Pectoralis Minor
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Origin: Anterior parts of ribs 2-5
Insertion: scapula Function: increases ribs transversely |
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Muscles of Forced Expiration (3 sets)
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Muscles of anterior thorax
Muscles of abdomen Muscles of upper limb |
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Muscles of Anterior Thorax used in forced expiration
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Internal Intercostals
Serratus Posterior Inferior |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Internal Intercostals
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Origin: top part of rib below
Insertion: bottom part of rib above (except for rib 1) Function: pulls ribs down |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Serratus Posterior Inferior
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Origin: T11-L3
Insertion: lower 5 ribs Function; pulls ribs down |
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Muscles of the Abdomen (5) used in forced expiration
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Abdominal Aponeurosis
Transverse Abdominus Internal Oblique External Oblique Rectus Abdominus |
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Abdominal Aponeurosis
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lots of flat tendons in abdominal area
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Transverse Abdominus
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Origin: vertebral column
Insertion: Abdominal Aponeurosis Function: compresses abdomen |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Interal Oblique
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Origin: Ilium
Insertion: lower ribs and abdominal aponeurosis Function: rotates trunk |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of External Oblique
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Origin: Lower 7 ribs
Insertion:Ilium and Abdominal aponeurosis Function: rotates trunk |
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Rectus Abdominus
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Origin: pubis
Insertion: xiphoid process Function: flexion of vertebral column |
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Muscles of upper limb used in forced expiration
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Origin, Insertion, Function of Latissimus Dorsi
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Origin: T1 to S5
Insertion: humerus Function: stabilizes posterior abdominal wall |
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Forces used in expiration
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Torque (twisting)
Elasticity (ability of something to return to original state, flexible) Gravity (helps pull things down) |
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Volumes and Capacities vs Pressures
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Volumes and Capacities relate to quantities
Pressure = force and area |
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Spirometer
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Measures volumes and capacities to establish norms
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Manometer
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Measures pressure (certain amount of pressure needed to produce speech)
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Respiration Cycle
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Adults - 12 - 18x/minute (500 ml volume)
Children - 40 - 70x/minute Approximate adult resp around age 20 |
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Rest vs Activity
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20x more air thru system when exercising
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Capacities (4)
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Vital Capacity
Inspiratory Capacity Functional Residual Capacity Total Lunch Capacity |
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Vital Capacity
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total amount of air that can be inspirated after a maximum exhalation
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Functional Residual Capacity
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Amount of air left in lungs after tidal expriation
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Inspiratory Capacity
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Amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal expiration
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Total lung capacity
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All of it, including residual volume
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Volumes (4)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Tidal Volume Expiratory Reserve Volume Residual Volume |
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume
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Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
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Expiratory Reserve Volume
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Volume of air that can be exhaled after a tidal expiration
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Residual Volume
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air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration (can't be exhaled)
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Dead Air Space
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air within vocal tract that is NOT used for gas exchange
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Framework of Larynx
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3 unpaired & 3 paired cartilages
lined with mucous membrane sits on top of trachea |
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Cartilages of larynx (6)
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Cricoid
Thyroid Artytenoid Corniculate Epiglottis Cuneiform |
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Cricoid Cartilage (definition of structure)
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smaller in front like a signet ring
most inferior, only one looks like a fancy tracheal ring |
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Crocoid structures (anterior, lateral, posterior)
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Anterior is smaller, to allow for vocal folds to attach
Lateral side has articular facets where thyroid cartilage attaches Posterior side has other cartilages called arytenoids |
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Thyroid cartilage definition
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Vocal fold attaches here
Unpaired cartilage Largest of laryngeal cartilages |
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Thyroid cartilage structures
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2 laminae (flat parts at the sides)
Thyroid angle = where laminae come together in front Thyroid notch = highest point of the angle Inferior horns (cornus) = attach at bottom Superior horns = attach to hyoid bone |
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Arytenoid cartilage definition
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Paired cartilage
Sit on top of posterior cricoid |
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Arytenoid Cartilage structures
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Vocal Process (2) = more on anterior side where vocal folds attach and also on thyroid cartilage in front below notch
Muscular process (2) = on lateral side, where other muscles attach |
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Corniculate cartilage
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on top of artytenoid cartilage
point of articulation with the arytenoid cartilages |
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Epiglottis cartilage
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unpaired
Attaches to the thyroid cartilage anteriorally and inferiorally Sits right in middle between thyroid and hyoid bone |
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Epiglottis Structures (5)
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Thyroepiglottic ligament = attaches to thyroid cartilage
Glossoepiglottic ligament = tongue to epiglottis (attached superiorally) Aryepiglottic folds = connects side of arytenoid to epiglottis Pyraform sinuses = spaces betweeen aryepiglottic folds and thyroid cartilage (lateral) Valleculae sinuses = space between base of tongue and epiglottic (food gets stuck here) |
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Cuneiform Cartilage
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Embedded w/aryepiglottic folds
provide support for aryepiglottic folds |
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Hyoid bone
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Union between tongue and larynx
Attached to thyroid cartilage by superior horns of thyroid Only bone in body not connected to another bone Large anterior called Corpus Point of attachment for 6 muscles |
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Movement of cartilages
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Cricothryoid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint |
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Cricothyroid joint
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Between Cricoid & thyroid cartilages
In front, when it contracts, pulls them closer together Stretches vocal folds which raises pitch of voice Responsible for changes in vocal fold frequency |
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Cricoarytenoid joint
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Between cricoid and arytenoid
Arytenoids make all sorts of movements Responsible for vocal fold movement |
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Inner Larynx
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Vocal folds = bands of tissue, majority consist of muscle
Muscles Membranes & Ligaments help to connect structures |
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Extrinsic Membranes & Ligaments (7)
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Thyrohyoid membrane = between thyroid cart and hyoid bone
Lateral thyrohoid ligament = small connection between superior horn and hyoid bone Medial Thyrohyoid ligament = connects thyoid cartilage notch to hyoid bone Hyoepiglottic & Thyroepiglottic ligaments = connection b/w epiglottis and hyoid bone Glossoepiglottic ligaments (lateral and medial)= connects epiglottis and tongue Cricotracheal membrane = attachment of larynx to trachea |
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Intrinsic Membranes & Ligaments (inside the larynx)
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2 membranes
Quadrangular membrane = superior to true vocal folds = travels from true vocal folds to top part of larynx = includes aryepiglottic folds and false vocal folds Cornus Elasticus = lines larynx from true vocal folds down (inferior to vocal folds) |
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Vocal Folds - 5 layers
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Superficial = outermost, think, epithelial
3 Lamina Propia = superficial, intermediate, deep = superficial (very thin) = all are very elastic = deep layer is thicker and not as flexible Thyrovocalis muscle = bulk of vocal folds |
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Alternate names of vocal folds
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Mucosal lining = combination of 2 superficial layers
Vocal ligament = intermediate and deep lamina propia |
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Space inside larynx from superior to inferior (8)
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Aditus = front door that opens to the larynx
Vestibule = space between aditus and false vocal folds Aryepiglottic folds = side walls False vocal folds Laryngeal ventricle or sinus = space between false and true vocal folds True vocal folds Glottis = space in between true vocal folds Conus Elasticus |
