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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the body's only fluid tissue?
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Blood
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Red blood cells are also known as ________.
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Erythrocytes
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White blood cells are also known as ______.
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Leukocytes
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The percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume is
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Hemocrit
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Hemocrit is ____% in females and ___% in males.
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47% in females
42% in males |
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Blood accounts for ____% of body weight.
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8%
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_______ blood is high in oxygen and bright red (scarlet)
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Arterial blood
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_______ blood has less oxygen and is dark red.
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Venous blood
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The pH of blood is 7.35-7.45 which is slightly _______.
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Alkaline
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Temperature of blood is ____ degrees C.
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38 degrees C
(or 100.4 F) |
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What are the 3 major functions of blood?
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1. Substance distribution
2. Regulation of blood levels 3. Body protection |
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What materials are transported by the blood?
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*Oxygen
*Metabolic wastes *Hormones |
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Blood maintains and keeps in balance what?
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*Body temperature
*Normal pH (acid-base balance) *Adequate fluid volume (fluid-electrolyte balance) |
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All blood gets filtered through what?
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The kidneys (about 60 times a day!)
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Blood prevents blood loss with _________.
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Blood clotting
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How does blood prevent infection?
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*Synthesizing and utilizing ANTIBODIES
*Activating complement PROTEINS *Activating WBCs to defend |
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The liquid portion of blood is _____% water
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91%
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What part of blood is the liquid part?
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Plasma
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Plasma transports what key nutrients/materials?
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*Proteins
*Lactic acid, urea, creatinine *Organic nutrients *Electrolytes *Respiratory gases |
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What make up the "formed elements"?
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1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes 3. Platelets |
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Of the formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets), which are complete cells?
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White blood cells
(Have a cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles) |
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RBCs are missing what?
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RBCs have no nuclei or organelles
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Platelets are simply _______.
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Cell fragments
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T/F: Most formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a few days.
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TRUE
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Biconcave discs that are filled with hemoglobin.
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Erythrocytes (RBCs)
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RBC's contribute a lot to the ______ of the blood.
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Viscosity
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RBCs contain _________.
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Hemoglobin
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A protein made up of two alpha and two beta chains, each bound to a heme group is
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Hemoglobin
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Each heme group contains an atom of iron which can bind to one oxygen molecule- This means what?
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Each hemoglobin molecule can transport four molecules of oxygen.
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The PURPOSE of the RBC is what?
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To carry oxygen!
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Hemoglobin bound to oxygen is termed what?
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Oxyhemoglobin
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Hemoglobin unbound to oxygen is termed what?
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Deoxyhemoglobin
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T/F: Carbon dioxide can also bind to hemoglobin
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TRUE
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Hemoglobin only carries ____% of carbon dioxide.
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10%
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Blood cell formation is termed
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Hematopoiesis
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Hematopoiesis occurs where?
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In the red bone marrow of the many long and large bones
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Hematopoiesis is involved in the production of what?
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Erythrocytes/RBCs
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The life span of an erythrocyte is _________ days or less!
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100-120
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During the destruction of RBCs, what is recycled?
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Iron (Fe)
*To make new hemoglobin; or excess is stored in the liver |
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When blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity, it is known as
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Anemia
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Anemia means what for RBCs and hemoglobin?
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*There is an insufficient quantity of RBC's
*There is low or abnormal hemoglobin |
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Excess of RBC that increases blood viscosity
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Polycythemia
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Artificially-induced polycythemia which provides better exercise capacity is
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Blood doping
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The most common erythrocyte disorder is
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Sickle cell anemia
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Which are larger- RBCs or WBCs?
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WBCs
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Which are more abundant- RBCs or WBCs?
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There are more RBCs than WBCs
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Which has a shorter lifespan- RBCs or WBCs?
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WBCs!
(RBCs: 100-125 days or less; WBCs: 0.5-9 days!) |
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The two types of leukocytes are what?
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*Granulocytes (granules)
*Agranulocytes (no granules) |
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Leukemia is basically cancer of what?
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The WBCs
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Platelets are fragments of _________.
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Megakaryocytes
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The granules in platelets contain chemicals that are important for what?
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Blood clotting
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Platelets function in the clotting mechanism by forming what?
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Forming a temporary plug that helps seals breaks in blood vessels
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A series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding is what?
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Hemostasis
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During hemostasis, what three phases occur?
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1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation (blood clotting) |
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What's the purpose of the vascular spasm?
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To reduce blood flow to the area!
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What happens during a vascular spasm?
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The blood vessel immediately vasoconstricts in response to injury
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What happens during the platelet plug formation?
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Upon damage to blood vessel, the platelets will:
*Adhere to collagen (thanks to help from VWF) *Stick to exposed collagen fibers and form a platelet plug |
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What happens during coagulation?
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A set of reactions in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel.
*Stimulated by a chemical reaction |
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What is the chemical reaction that occurs during coagulation/blood clotting?
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Fibrinogen ----> Fibrin (fibrous mesh)
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What is the slippery, fluid-filled sac of the heart?
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Pericardium
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What is the purpose of the pericardium?
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1. Protect the heart
2. Anchors the heart to surrounding structures 3. Prevents overfilling |
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What are the receiving chambers of the heart?
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Atria
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Blood enters the right atria from where?
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The superior and inferior vena cavae; And coronary sinus
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Blood enters the left atria from where?
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Pulmonary veins
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What are the discharging chambers of the heart?
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Ventricles
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What two parts of the heart mark the ventricular walls?
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Papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae |
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The right ventricle pumps blood where?
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Into the pulmonary trunk
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The left ventricle pumps blood where?
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Into the aorta
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The 4 valves are what?
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*Tricuspid valve (Right AV valve)
*Pulmonary valve *Mitral/biscuspid valve (Left AV valve) *Aortic valve |
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What ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart?
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Heart valves
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Atrioventricular (AV) valves lie where?
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Between the atria and the ventricles
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AV valves prevent what?
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Backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
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____________ anchor AV valves to papillary muscles.
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Chordae tendineae
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The aortic valve lies where?
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Between the let ventricle and aorta
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The pulmonary valve lies where?
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Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
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Semilunar valves prevent what?
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Backflow of blood into ventricles
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The ______ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
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Tricuspid valve
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The _______ valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.
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Pulmonary valve
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The ________ are between the lungs and left atrium.
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Pulmonary veins
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The ______ valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
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Bicuspid valve (Mitral)
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The ______ valve is between the left ventricle and aorta.
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Aortic semilunar valve
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The aorta leads into _________ circulation.
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Systemic circulation
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Vessels returning blood to the heart are ______.
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VEINS
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Vessels conveying blood AWAY from the heart are ______.
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ARTERIES
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Vessels returning blood to the heart include what?
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*Superior and inferior vena cavae
*Right and left pulmonary veins |
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Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include what?
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*Pulmonary trunk (SPLITS into pulmonary arteries)
*Ascending aorta |
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What is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself?
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Coronary circulation
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Even if major vessels are occluded, what ensures blood delivery to the heart?
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Collateral routes
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T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is entirely different from skeletal muscle contraction.
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FALSE; They are very similar
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The heart muscles is stimulated by _______ and is self-excitable.
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Nerves
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T/F: The cardiac muscle contracts as a unit
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TRUE
*Starts from the top and squeezes |
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What part of the heart generates impulses?
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Sinoatrial node or SA node
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The SA node is also known as the _______ of the heart.
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Pacemaker of the heart
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Where is the SA node located?
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The right atrium
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Where are the atrioventricular nodes located?
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Between the ventricles and atria
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The impulse passes from atria to ventricles via the __________.
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Atrioventricular bundle (aka BUNDLE OF HIS)
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Where does the AV bundle split into two pathways?
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The interventricular septum
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Where do the bundle branches carry the impulse?
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Toward the apex/bottom of the heart
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__________ carry the impulse from the heart apex to the rest of the ventricular walls.
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Purkinje fibers
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During contraction, what is the first to contract?
What does that initial contraction stimulate? |
First to contract is INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM.
Then, there is a simultaneous contraction of the right and left sides. |
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The heart muscles is stimulated/innervated by what?
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The vagus
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Electrical activity is recorded by _________.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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What part of the ECG corresponds with atrial depolarization?
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P wave
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What part of the ECG corresponds with atrial repolarization?
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QRS complex
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What part of the ECG corresponds with ventricular depolarization?
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QRS complex
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What part of the ECG corresponds with ventricular repolarization?
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T wave
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_________ record is masked by the larger QRS complex.
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Atrial repolarization
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The contraction of heart muscle that represents the top number of blood pressure is the _______.
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Systole
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The relaxation of heart muscles that represents the bottom number of blood pressure is the ______.
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Diastole
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What is standard blood pressure? Which is systolic and diastolic?
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120/80
*Top number = systolic *Bottom number = diastolic |
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Cardiac output is denoted by what letter(s)?
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CO or Q
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_____ is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute
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Q
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What is the equation of cardiac output?
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Q = HR * SV
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_____ is the number of heart beats per minute.
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HR, heart rate
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_____ is the amount of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat.
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SV, stroke volume
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Q essentially measures how efficient the _____ ventricle pumps blood out to the rest of the body.
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Left ventricle
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Why is the left ventricle so important?
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It is responsible for pumping blood out to the rest of the body!
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The SA node regulates ___________
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Resting heart rate
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Increases in heart rate are controlled by....
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The two cardiac centers in the medulla (EXTRINSIC)
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What directly innervates the SA and AV nodes as well as the ventricular myocardium?
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Autonomic Nervous System
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Chronotropic factors (literally meaning time) affects what?
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Heart rate
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Positive chronotropic factors ______ heart rate.
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Increase
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Negative chronotropic factors ______ heart rate.
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Decrease
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Ionotropic factors (literally meaning changing ion concentrations) affects what?
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The contractility of the myocardium, or how forceful the heart contracts!
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Positive ionotropic factors __________ contractility.
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Increase
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Negative ionotropic factors __________ contractility.
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Decrease
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_________ carry blood away from the heart.
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Arteries
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_______ are the smallest branches of arteries.
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Arterioles
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_______ carry blood toward the heart.
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Veins
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__________ are the smallest branhes of veins.
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Venules
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__________ contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs.
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Capillaries
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Arteries and veins are composed of what three tunics?
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*Tunica interna
*Tunica media *Tunica externa |
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_________ is a central blood-containing space.
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Lumen
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_________ is an endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels.
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Tunica interna
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________ is a smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer.
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Tunica media
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__________ controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessles.
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Tunica media
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What is the importance of vasoconstriction/vasodilation?
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It is important for maintaining blood pressure and blood circulation
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_______ is collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels.
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Tunica externa
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Capillaries are able to pass nutrients and oxygen effectively, why?
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Because capillaries are only one layer of endothelial cells with a very THIN smooth muscle layer
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Arteries can be divided into what three groups?
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*Elastic, or conducting
*Muscular, or distributing *Arterioles |
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Which of those groups is the largest in diameter? Smallest?
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Largest is elastic (need to get blood moving!)
Smallest is arterioles |
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In regards to the proportion of blood volume in the body, where is 60% of the blood located?
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The venous side of circulation- Systemic veins and vessels
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___________ are thick-walled arteries near the heart including the aorta and its major branches.
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Elastic (Conducting) Arteries
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What are some characteristics of elastic arteries?
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*Large lumen (for conducting large amounts of blood)
*Elastin in all three tunics *Withstand large blood pressure fluctuations *Serve as pressure reservoirs |
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What is the purpose of muscular (distributing) arteries?
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To deliver blood to body organs
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What are some characteristics of muscular arteries?
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*Have thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
*Active in vasoconstriction |
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Terminal arterioles lead to where?
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Capillary beds
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What is the purpose of arterioles?
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To control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction.
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What are the smallest blood vessels?
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Capillaries
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________ are networks of capillary "feeding" tissues and organs
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Capillary beds
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__________ can regulate the amount of blood flow to a capillary bed.
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Precapillary sphincters
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__________ vessels are thinner and less complex than arterial vessels; have less smooth muscles
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Venous
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________ are formed when capillary beds unite.
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Venules
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_______ are formed when venules converge.
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Veins
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Capacitance vessels (blood reservoirs) contain 65% of ________ supply due to their structure
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Blood supply
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T/F: The lumen in both arteries and veins are small.
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FALSE; They are large!
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Which has a lower blood pressure: Veins or arteries?
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Veins
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Which has thinner walls: Veins or arteries?
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Veins
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What special adaptions do veins have to return blood to the heart?
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*Large-diameter lumen (little resistance to flow)
*Valves (prevent backflow) |
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Venous BP alone is too low to promote adequate blood return and is aided by what three things?
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*Respiratory pump (pressure changes during breathing help suck blood toward heart)
*Muscular pump *Layer of smooth muscle around the vein |
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Action of the contracting __________ helps propel venous blood toward the heart.
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Skeletal muscle
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What occurs when the muscle pump is working?
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The muscle squeeze and "milks" the blood upstream to the heart.
*Also valves close to prevent backflow |
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How does a compression sock act as a muscle pump?
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It squeezes the veins and helps return blood flow back to the heart.
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We control blood flow by....
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Changing the size of the vessels
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How much blood does our body pump (on average) per minute?
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5-6 Liters!
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__________ is the actual volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a given period.
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Blood flow
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T/F: Blood flow is equivalent to cardiac output (Q), considering the entire vascular system.
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TRUE
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T/F: Blood flow is consistent through individual organs.
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FALSE;
Blood flow varies widely through individual organs. |
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_________ is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood.
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Blood pressure
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What is blood pressure measured in?
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mmHg
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The differences in BP within the vascular system provide the driving force that keeps blood moving from ____________ to _____________ pressure areas.
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Higher to lower
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The term for question above is:
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Pressure gradient
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Opposition to flow is also known as:
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Resistance
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The three important sources of resistance are:
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*Blood viscosity
*Blood vessel length (longer vessel = greater resistance) *Blood vessel diameter |
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A decrease in diameter is:
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Vasoconstriction
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An increase in diameter is:
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Vasodilation
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Resistance vares inversely with vessel radius such that as you decrease diameter, you
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Increase resistance
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Too many vasoconstricted vessels can result in
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High BP
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The pumping action of the heart generates blood flow through the vessels along a pressure gradient, always moving from _________ to _________ pressure areas.
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Higher to lower pressure areas
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Blood flow is _________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure between two points in circulation.
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Directly proportional
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If the diff. in BP increases, blood flow...
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Speeds up
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If the diff. in BP decreases, blood flow...
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Declines
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Blood flow is _________ proportional to resistance.
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Inversely
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If resistance increase, blood flow
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Decreases
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Which is more important in influencing local blood pressure: resistance or diff. in BP?
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Resistance
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The overarching purpose of the cardiovascular system is to....
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Maintain a constant internal environment
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The main factors influencing blood pressure are:
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*Cardiac output
*Total peripheral resistance *Blood volume |
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What is the equation for blood pressure?
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BP = Q * TPR
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Blood pressure varies ________ with Q, TPR, and blood volume.
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Directly
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Long term maintenance of blood pressure depends on what?
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Kidney function; Renal regulation
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Short term maintenance mechanisms of blood pressure include what?
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*Neural controls
*Hormone controls (adrenal medulla!) |
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What nerves innervate smooth muscle?
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Sympathetic nerves
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What part of the body needs the largest proportion of blood?
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Abdominal organs (24%)
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What is the overall function of the respiratory system?
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To supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
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Which process involves moving AIR into and out of the lungs?
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Pulmonary ventilation
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Which process involves gas exchange between the lungs and the blood, or between systemic blood vessels and the tissues?
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Respiration
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Which process involves the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues?
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Transport
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The _________ zone conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange.
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Conducting zone
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The _______ zone is the site of gas exchange, and consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
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Respiratory zone
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Name some structures of the respiratory system?
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Nose & nasal cavity
Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs |
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What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity?
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*To provide an airway for respiration
*Moisten and warm entering air *Filter air |
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What is the funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and larynx and esophagus inferiorly?
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Pharynx
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What part attaches to the pharynx and the trachea?
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Larynx
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What are the functions of the larynx?
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*To provide an airway
*To act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels *Voice production |
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The elastic cartilage that acts like a trap door to prevent entry of saliva or food into the larynx is...
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Epiglottis
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The flexible and mobile tube extending from the larynx into the primary bronchi is the
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Trachea (windpipe)
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Air reaching the bronchi is:
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*Warm and cleansed of impurities
*Saturated with water vapor |
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The _____________ subdivide into lobar secondary bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs.
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Primary bronchi
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The smallest branches of bronchi are:
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Bronchioles
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Respiratory bronchioles lead into the _________.
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Alveoli
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The respiratory zone is defined by the presence of what?
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Alveoli
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What accounts for most of the lungs' volume?
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Alveoli
*Approximately 300 million |
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What is considered the "functional unit" of the lungs?
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Alveoli
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Alveoli are lined with a thin layer of tissue fluid critical for what?
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Gas diffusion
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_________ is secreted from alveoli to decrease surface tension.
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Surfactant
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Lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the ______________.
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Mediastinum (where heart and major vessels live)
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Which lung is a little smaller than the other?
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Left lung (only 2 lobes!)
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