Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is special about the jugular/suprasternal notch and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- level of intervertebral disk between TV2 and TV3 (top of the sternum) |
|
|
What are important points concerning the clavicle?
|
- landmark
- covers the first rib - most frequently broken bone - convex medially and concave laterally on anterior surface - articulates medially with manubrium of sternum (at sternoclavicular joint) - articulates laterally with acromion process of scapula |
|
|
What is special about the acromion process and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- consists of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
|
|
What is special about the sternal angle and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- junction of manubrium and body of sternum (small bump) - level of second rib on anterior - level of intervertebral disk between TV4 and 5 posteriorly |
|
|
What is special about the xiphosternal junction and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- between body and xiphoid process of sternum - level of TV9 |
|
|
What is special about the costal arch and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- lower anterior margin, costal cartilage of rib 7-10 (grab lower ribs feel the edge) |
|
|
What is specail about the anterior axillary fold, where is it located?
|
- landmark
- formed by pectoral muscles - anterior portion of armpit |
|
|
What is special about the nipple and areola and where is it located?
|
- landmark
-- 4th intercostal space |
|
|
What is special about the mid-clavicular line and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- verticle line through middle of clavicle |
|
|
What is the thoracic wall consist of?
|
- sternum
- 12 pairs of ribs - 12 TV |
|
|
What is special about the jugular/suprasternal notch and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- level of intervertebral disk between TV2 and TV3 (top of the sternum) |
|
|
What are important points concerning the clavicle?
|
- landmark
- covers the first rib - most frequently broken bone - convex medially and concave laterally on anterior surface - articulates medially with manubrium of sternum (at sternoclavicular joint) - articulates laterally with acromion process of scapula |
|
|
What is special about the acromion process and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- consists of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
|
|
What is special about the sternal angle and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- junction of manubrium and body of sternum (small bump) - level of second rib on anterior - level of intervertebral disk between TV4 and 5 posteriorly |
|
|
What is special about the xiphosternal junction and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- between body and xiphoid process of sternum - level of TV9 |
|
|
What is special about the costal arch and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- lower anterior margin, costal cartilage of rib 7-10 (grab lower ribs feel the edge) |
|
|
What is specail about the anterior axillary fold, where is it located?
|
- landmark
- formed by pectoral muscles - anterior portion of armpit |
|
|
What is special about the nipple and areola and where is it located?
|
- landmark
-- 4th intercostal space |
|
|
What is special about the mid-clavicular line and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- verticle line through middle of clavicle |
|
|
What is the thoracic wall consist of?
|
- sternum
- 12 pairs of ribs - 12 TV |
|
|
What is special about the jugular/suprasternal notch and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- level of intervertebral disk between TV2 and TV3 (top of the sternum) |
|
|
What are important points concerning the clavicle?
|
- landmark
- covers the first rib - most frequently broken bone - convex medially and concave laterally on anterior surface - articulates medially with manubrium of sternum (at sternoclavicular joint) - articulates laterally with acromion process of scapula |
|
|
What is special about the acromion process and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- consists of manubrium, body, and xiphoid process |
|
|
What is special about the sternal angle and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- junction of manubrium and body of sternum (small bump) - level of second rib on anterior - level of intervertebral disk between TV4 and 5 posteriorly |
|
|
What is special about the xiphosternal junction and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- between body and xiphoid process of sternum - level of TV9 |
|
|
What is special about the costal arch and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- lower anterior margin, costal cartilage of rib 7-10 (grab lower ribs feel the edge) |
|
|
What is specail about the anterior axillary fold, where is it located?
|
- landmark
- formed by pectoral muscles - anterior portion of armpit |
|
|
What is special about the nipple and areola and where is it located?
|
- landmark
-- 4th intercostal space |
|
|
What is special about the mid-clavicular line and where is it located?
|
- landmark
- verticle line through middle of clavicle |
|
|
What is the thoracic wall consist of?
|
- sternum
- 12 pairs of ribs - 12 TV |
|
|
What are the components of the sternum?
|
- Jugular notch
- Manubrium - Sternal Angle - Body - Xiphosternal junction - Xiphoid process |
|
|
What does the manubrium articulate with?
|
- clavicles, first 2 ribs, sternal body
|
|
|
What is the region called where the manubrium and the first rib meet?
|
- sternoclavicular articulation
|
|
|
What is the region called where the manubrium/body junction and second rib meet?
|
- sternal angle
|
|
|
Which ribs does the sternal body articulate with?
|
- 2-7
|
|
|
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
|
- synovial (fibrocartilaginous disk)
|
|
|
what structure surrounds the medial end of the clavicle, synovial joint, and articular surface of manubrium?
|
- joint capsule
|
|
|
Where does the interclavicular ligament extend from?
|
- one clavicle to the other superior to the manubrium
|
|
|
What does the interclavicular ligament provide?
|
- strength to the superior surface of the joint capsule
|
|
|
What do the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments surround?
|
- the joint capsule which is around the sternoclavicular joint
|
|
|
What do the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments provide?
|
- strength to the anterior/posterior joint capsule
|
|
|
What does the costoclavicular ligament join?
|
- clavicle to the first rib
|
|
|
How many ribs are there?
|
12
|
|
|
How many true ribs are there? Which ribs are they?
|
- 7
- ribs 1-7 |
|
|
How many false ribs are there? Which ribs?
|
- 5
- 8-12 |
|
|
Where is the head of the rib?
|
- part articulating with the thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
Where is the neck of the rib?
|
- area between head and tubercle
|
|
|
Where is the tubercle?
|
- area between neck and shaft/body
|
|
|
What does the tubercle articulate with?
|
- end of the transverse process of the inferior thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
What is the angle?
|
- most posterior portion of a typic rib
|
|
|
What is costal cartilage?
|
- area of the rib near sternum that is cartilage
|
|
|
The first 7 ribs (true ribs) articulate with?
|
- sternum
|
|
|
Describe the first rib
|
- shortest, broadest and most curved
|
|
|
What is scalene tubercle?
|
- on the first rib
- grooves for the subclavian artery and vein |
|
|
Where is the intercostal vein, artery and nerve located on a typical rib?
|
- inner surface near the lower border of the rib
|
|
|
How do the typical ribs slope?
|
- slope inferiorly from posterior to anterior
|
|
|
Which portion of the vertebrae does rib 1 articulate with?
|
TV1
|
|
|
What portion of the vertebrae do the heads of ribs 2-10 articulate with?
|
between the two thoracic vertebra and with the intervertebral disk
|
|
|
What portion of the vertebrae do ribs 11 and 12 articulate with?
|
- the DON'T articulate anteriorly
- "floating ribs" |
|
|
What type of joint is found between the first rib and the sternum?
|
- cartilaginous joint
|
|
|
What type of joint is found between all ribs (except 1st rib) and the sternum?
|
- synovial joints
|
|
|
What portions of the thoracic vertebrae do ribs articulate with?
|
- body and transverse process
|
|
|
The tubercle of the ribs 2-10 articulate with which portion of the vertebrae?
|
- the transverse process
|
|
|
What are the boundaries of the breast/what does it lie on?
|
- 2nd to 6th/7th rib
- sternum to axilla process - 2/3 on pectoralis major - 1/3 on serratus anterior - confined to superficial fascia |
|
|
How many ducts and lobules do the breasts have?
|
- 15-25 ducts, one for each lobule
|
|
|
What is polythelia?
|
- extra nipples
|
|
|
What is polymastia?
|
- extra breast tissue
|
|
|
What is the connective tissue between lobules called that extend out to the skin?
|
- suspensory ligaments/ligaments of Cooper
|
|
|
What are the dilations of lactiferous ducts called?
|
- lactiferous sinus
|
|
|
What is the breast loosely attached to?
|
- deep fascia
|
|
|
What arteries supply blood to the lateral breast?
|
*axillary artery
- superior thoracic artery - thoracoacrominal artery - lateral thoracic artery - subscapular artery |
|
|
Where do the majority of lymphs drain? the rest?
|
- axillary nodes
- parasternal node |
|
|
What arteries supply blood to the medial breast?
|
*internal thoracic artery
- anterior perforating branches *intercostal arteries - perforating branches |
|
|
Which nerves innervate the breasts?
|
- supraclavilcular nerves
- intercostal nerves (lateral/medial mammary branches) |
|
|
Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?
|
- subclavian trunk
|
|
|
Where are the parasternal nodes located?
|
- bronchomediastinal trunk
|
|
|
Where are the intercostal nodes located?
|
- thoracic duct/bronchomediastinal trunks
|
|
|
Where is the mammary lobe/gland located?
|
- under the nipple
|
|
|
Where does the pectoralis major muscle orginate?
|
- medial part of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-5, upper rectus sheath
|
|
|
Where does the pectoralis major muscle insert?
|
- greater tubercular crest of humerus
|
|
|
What does the pectoralis major muscle do?
|
- adduction
- medial rotation - flexion of arm at shoulder joint |
|
|
What innervates the pectoralis major?
|
- medial and laterla pectoral nerves
|
|
|
What supplies blood to the pectoralis major?
|
- thoracoacromial trunk
- lateral thoracic artery - perforating intercostal branches - anterior perforating branches of internal thoracic artery |
|
|
Where is the pectoralis minor located in respect to pectoralis major?
|
- deep to major
|
|
|
Where does pectoralis minor orignate?
|
- ribs 2-4 or 3-5
|
|
|
Where does pectoralis minor insert?
|
- coracoid process of scapula
|
|
|
What does pectoralis minor do?
|
- protracts and depresses shoulder
|
|
|
What innervates the pectoralis minor?
|
- medial pectoral nerve
|
|
|
Where does the subclavius muscle originate?
|
- junction of the first rib with its cartilage (costal cartilage)
|
|
|
Where does the subclavius muscle insert?
|
- inferior surface of the clavicle
|
|
|
What does the subclavius muscle do?
|
- depresses clavicle
|
|
|
What innervates the subclavius muscle?
|
- upper trunk of the brachial plexus
|
|
|
What is the fascia called around the pectoralis major?
|
- pectoral fascia
|
|
|
What does the clavipectoral fascia cover and where does it extend?
|
- extends from clavicle to axillary fascia
- surrounds subclavius and pectoralis minor |
|
|
What is the costocoracoid membrane?
|
- portion of the costocoracoid membrane from the clavicle to the upper border of the pectoralis minor muscle
|
|
|
What is the costocoracoid ligament?
|
- thickened portion of the costocoracoid membrane from first rib to coracoid process
|
|
|
What is the suspensory ligament of the axilla?
|
- portion of the clavipectoral fascia from the lower border of the pectoralis minor to the axillary fascia (other half from costocoracoid membrane)
|
|
|
What are the 3 intercostal muscles?
|
1) external intercostal muscle
2) internal intercostal muscle 3) innermost intercostal muscle |
|
|
Which direction does external intercostal muscle go?
|
- begins from the lower rib border
- inserts on the upper rib border of the rib below |
|
|
What do external intercostal muscles do?
|
- stabilize ribs
- inspiration - moves ribs up |
|
|
Where is the external intercostal membrane located?
|
- near the sternum
|
|
|
What innervates the external intercostal muscles?
|
- intercostal nerves T1-11
|
|
|
Which direction does internal intercostal muscle go?
|
- begins from the upper portion of the lower rib
- inserts on the lower portion of the upper rib |
|
|
What do internal intercostal muscles do?
|
- stabilize
- expiration - moves ribs down |
|
|
Where is the internal intercostal membrane located?
|
- near the thoracic vertebrae
|
|
|
What innervates internal intercostal muscles?
|
- Intercostal T1-11
|
|
|
What is between the innermost intercostal muscle and the internal intercostal muscle?
|
- intercostal vein
- intercostal artery - intercostal nerve (VAN superior to inferior) |
|
|
Where on the thoracic vertebrae do intercostal nerves exit?
|
- intervertebral foramina
|
|
|
Do intercostal nerves pass on the inferior or superior portion of the neck of the rib?
|
- inferior
|
|
|
How are the nerves of the first rib different than the others?
|
- anterior primary ramus of T1 goes over first rib and up to contribute to the brachial plexus
|
|
|
How is the intercostal muscle in the first intercostal space innervated?
|
- a small first intercostal nerve
|
|
|
How is the anterior primary ramus of T2 different than T3-T11?
|
- the lateral cutaneous branch becomes the intercostobrachial nerve
|
|
|
Which TV are considered to have typical nerves?
|
- TV 3 to 11
|
|
|
What are the arteries that provide the posterior intercostal muscles with blood?
|
- T1 and T2: from the highest intercostal branch of the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery
- Rest: directly from aorta |
|
|
What are the arteries that provide the anterior intercostal muscles with blood?
|
- T1 to T5/6: from the internal thoracic branch of the subclavian artery
- Rest: musculophrenic branch of the internal thoracic artery ( which is off of the subclavian artery) |
|
|
Which artery branches into the next?
- Internal thoracic, subclavian, and musculophrenic |
- Subclavian Artery...branches into
- Internal thoracic branch... branches into - Musculophrenic branch |
|
|
What are the names of the veins that drain the anterior intercostal arteries?
|
- same names as their corresponding artery
|
|
|
What are the names of the veins that drain the posterior intercostal arteries?
|
- azygous system of veins (runs deep on the right side of the vertebrae)
|
|
|
What does the internal thoracic artery split into?
|
- superior epigastric artery
- musculophrenic artery |
|
|
What are the 2 thoracic apertures?
|
1) superior thoracic aperature
2) inferior thoracic aperature |
|
|
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
|
- Posterior: Body of TV1
- Lateral: First pair of ribs - Anterior: manubrium of sternum |
|
|
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?
|
- Posterior: Body of TV12
- Posterolateral: anterior extremities of ribs 11 and 12 - Anterolateral costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 - Anterior: xiphoid process |
|
|
How many completely separated thoracic cavities are there?
|
- 3
|
|
|
How many pleural cavities are there and what do they contain?
|
- 2
- contain the right and left lung |
|
|
What is the mediastinum?
|
- thick partition of tissue and structures that lie between the lungs
|
|
|
What are the structures within the mediastinum?
|
- thymus
- heart and pericardium - great vessels - trachea and primary bronchi - esophagus - nerve and lymphatics |
|
|
Name the layers of pleura the lung is surrounded by and their locations
|
- visceral pleura (inner next to lungs)
- parietal pleura (outer layer) |
|
|
What is the pleural cavity?
|
- a serous cavity separated by the visceral and parietal pleura
|
|
|
What are the four areas of the parietal pleura?
|
1) costal
2) diaphragmatic 3) cervical 4) mediastinal portions |
|
|
Where is the costal portion of the parietal pleura?
|
- any portion that touches the ribs (wraps around, not medial area)
|
|
|
Where is the diaphragmatic portion of the parietal pleura?
|
- inferior portion, touches diaphragm
|
|
|
Where is the cervical portion of the parietal pleura?
|
- superior portion (apex)
|
|
|
Where is the mediastinal portion of the parietal pleura?
|
- medial area, touches mediastinum cavity
|
|
|
What is a reflection when regarding pleuras?
|
- junctions of two parts of the pleura
|
|
|
What is a recess when regarding pleuras?
|
- space for lung to expand
|
|
|
What is the costomediastinal reflection and what does it contain?
|
- junction of costal and diaphragmatic parts of parietal pleura
- contains costomediastinal recess (small area) |
|
|
What is the costodiaphragmatic reflection and what does it contain?
|
- junction of the costal and diaphragmatic portions of parietal pleura
- costodiaphragmatic recess (large area that follows ribs inferiorly) |
|
|
Where is the anterior costomediastinal reflections and what is it?
|
- behind rib 2
- when the left and right parietal pleura extend medially towards each other |
|
|
Where is the left reflection and what is it?
|
- rib 4
- LEFT parietal pleura diverges laterally due to the cardiac notch (placement of the heart) |
|
|
Where is the costodiaphragmatic reflections and what is it?
|
- rib 6
- both left and right parietal pleura continue laterally and follow direction of the ribs |
|
|
What do the left and right parietal pleura cross at rib 8?
|
- mid-clavicular line
|
|
|
What do the left and right parietal pleura cross at rib 10?
|
- mid-axillary line
|
|
|
What do the left and right parietal pleura cross at rib 12?
|
- the neck of the rib
|
|
|
What innervates the parietal pleura?
|
- intercostal nerves
- phrenic nerves (CV3-5) **3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive |
|
|
Where does the mediastinum extend?
|
- within mediastinal pleura
- superior: superior thoracic aperature - inferior: diaphragm - anterior: sternum - posterior: vertebral column - |
|
|
Where is the horizontal plane located that divides the mediastinum into the superior and inferior mediastinum?
|
- between TV4 and 5
|
|
|
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum from most anterior to posterior?
|
- thymus
- brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, and internal jugular - aortic arch and branches - trachea - esophagus |
|
|
What are the vessels called that supply the thymus?
|
- pericardiacophrenic vessels
|
|
|
Order the veins from large to small within the superior mediastinum
|
- superior vena cava
- braciocephalic vein (left and right) - splits into subclavian and internal jugular (left and right) |
|
|
Where does the azygos vein go into?
|
- the superior vena cava just prior to the pericardial sac
|
|
|
Order the arteries on the right side of the body from large to small within the superior mediastinum
|
- aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk - splits into right subclavian and right common carotid |
|
|
Do the left common carotid and left subclavian come off of the aortic arch together or separate?
|
- separate: left common carotid splits off first, then left subclavian
|
|
|
What do the ligamentum arteriosus connect?
|
- the inferior surface of the aortic arch to the left pulmonary artery
|
|
|
Where is the trachea located?
|
- behind the vessels near the heart and immediately anterior to the esophagus
|
|
|
What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
|
- diaphragm
|
|
|
Where is the right phrenic nerve located?
|
- lateral side of right braciocephalic, superior/inferior vena cava
|
|
|
Where is the left phrenic nerve located?
|
- antero-lateral to left common carotid artery and aortic arch
- more lateral than internal jugular vein |
|
|
Where do the vagus nerves pass?
|
- anterior to the subclavian arteries
- posterior to lung root |
|
|
Where is the right vagus nerve located?
|
- lateral to the trachea
- passes between the right common carotid and right subclavian |
|
|
Where is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve located and where does it go?
|
- under the right subclavian artery
- ascends to the larynx |
|
|
Where is the left vagus nerve located?
|
- between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
- lateral to the aortic arch |
|
|
Where is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve located and where does it go?
|
- under aortic arch and immediately left of the ligamentum arteriosus
- ascends to the groove between the trachea and esophagus |
