Anatomy Past Paper Questions

Front 1

What is meant by the term bulk flow?

Back 1

Movement of aqueous from the posterior chamber to the canal of schlemm.

Front 2

Name all 7 orbital bones.

Back 2

Frontal. Zygomatic. Maxillary. Sphenoid. Ethmoid. Paletine. Lacrimal.

Front 3

What is the overall length of the optic nerve?

Back 3

40-50mm. Or 5cm

Front 4

Name 5/6 layers of the cornea.

Back 4

Epithelium. Anterior limiting laminar. Stroma. Dua's layer. Posterior limiting laminar. Endothelium.

Front 5

Name 3 layers of the sclera.

Back 5

Episclera. Stroma. Lamina fusca.

Front 6

What is the diameter of the optic nerve?

Back 6

5-7mm

Front 7

Name the structure which marks the start of the mylination of the optic nerve neurons.

Back 7

Lamina cribrosa

Front 8

Which cells in the retina do neurons originate?

Back 8

Ganglion

Front 9

Which optic nerve artery provides pre-retinal blood supply?

Back 9

Central retinal artery

Front 10

What is the angular substance of the blind spot?

Back 10

5 degrees

Front 11

At what angle, relative to the saggital plane, does the centre of the blind spot project into the visual field?

Back 11

10 degrees

Front 12

Does the blind spot project into the nasal or temporal half of the visual field.

Back 12

Temporal

Front 13

Name the arterial circle that provides blood to the optic nerve as it passes through the sclera.

Back 13

The circle of haller zinn

Front 14

Name the meningeal sheaths which surround the optic nerve neurons within the orbit.

Back 14

Pia. Arachnoid. Dura mater.

Front 15

Approx how many neurons are in each optic nerve?

Back 15

1.1-1.3 million

Front 16

What percentage of these neurons carries visual reflex info and terminate at the mid brain?

Back 16

10%

Front 17

Where did the rest of the optic nerve neurons terminate?

Back 17

Lateral geniculate body

Front 18

Through which Foramen does the optic nerve leave the orbit?

Back 18

Optic foramen

Front 19

In which bone is the optic foreman located?

Back 19

Sphenoid

Front 20

Which artery normally accompanies the optic nerve as it passes through the apex of the orbit?

Back 20

Ophthalmic artery

Front 21

Which fluid transmits pressure to the optic nerve head to produce papilloedema?

Back 21

Cerebro spinal fluid

Front 22

Where does the semi-decussation of the optic neurons occur?

Back 22

Optic chiasma

Front 23

Name 3 functions of the iris?

Back 23

Reduce abberation. Non-verbal communication. Light absorption.

Front 24

In a brown iris which layer contains the pigmented clump cells?

Back 24

Stroma

Front 25

A change in pupil diameter from 1mm to 8mm gives a change in retinal illumance at what ratio?

Back 25

1:8

Front 26

Name 2 layers of cells in the ciliary body which the iris pigment epithelium is continuous.

Back 26

Pigment and unpigmented epithelium.

Front 27

What's the advantage of the radial vessels of the iris spiral?

Back 27

Allows free movement (flexible)

Front 28

What is released from the cells of the iris in otitis that may cause the iris to stick to the crystalline lens?

Back 28

Protein

Front 29

State 3 functions of the choroid.

Back 29

Absorbs light. Provide nutrients. Smooth surface for retina. Removes waste. Traction for ciliary muscles.

Front 30

What is the name of the pigment found in the choroid?

Back 30

Melanin

Front 31

In which 2 layers of the choroid is pigment not found?

Back 31

Stroma and suprachoroid.

Front 32

In horizontal section through the globe where does the choroid terminate anteriorly?

Back 32

Ora serrata

Front 33

In horizontal section through the globe where does the choroid terminate posteriorly?

Back 33

Sclera

Front 34

With What is the choroid in contact externally?

Back 34

Sclera

Front 35

With What is the choroid in contact internally?

Back 35

Retina

Front 36

Which blood vessels supply the choroid anteriorly?

Back 36

Anterior/recurrent ciliary arteries

Front 37

Which blood vessels supply the choroid posteriorly?

Back 37

Circle of haller Zinn. Short/long posterior ciliary arteries.

Front 38

Which blood vessels drain the choroid posteriorly?

Back 38

Vortex veins

Front 39

What is the average thickness of the choroid?

Back 39

200um

Front 40

What is unusual about the organisation of the capillaries in the choriocapillaries?

Back 40

All the capillaries lie in one plane

Front 41

Name the nerve that passes through the optic Foramen and give one structure the nerve supplies.

Back 41

Optic nerve. Structure, brain

Front 42

Name the nerve that passes through the superior orbital fissure and give one structure the nerve supplies

Back 42

Trochlear nerve. Structure, superior oblique muscle

Front 43

Name the nerve that passes through the inferior orbital fissure and give one structure the nerve supplies

Back 43

Maxillary nerve. Structure, lower lid and conjunctiva

Front 44

Name the nerve that passes through the supra orbital notch and give one structure the nerve supplies

Back 44

Supra orbital nerve. Structure, upper eyelid, conjunctiva and frontal sinus

Front 45

Name the nerve that passes through infra orbital notcj and give one structure the nerve supplies

Back 45

Infra orbital nerve. Structure, lower lid, upper lid and part of the nasal vestibule

Front 46

Briefly describe the periorbita and it's function.

Back 46

Periorbita lines the orbital cavity. Provides anchorage for structures within the orbit. Provides a sheet of connective tissue over Lacrimal sac.

Front 47

Name one of the non neural cells found in the cornea.

Back 47

Stroma

Front 48

What is the height of the cornea?

Back 48

10.6mm

Front 49

What is the centre thickness of the cornea?

Back 49

O.5mm

Front 50

State 2 factors relating to the corneal structure that enable it to be transparent.

Back 50

Stroma- regularly spaced parallel collagen fibres. Spacing between fibrous is less than wavelength, light is undeviated.

Front 51

Which division of which cranial nerve carries sensory information from the cornea to the brainstem?

Back 51

Trigeminal. Cranial nerve 5.

Front 52

State 2 direct sources of nutrients to the cornea.

Back 52

Limbus. Tear film. Aqueous.

Front 53

Which cellular layer of the cornea is unable to regenerate if damaged.

Back 53

Endothelium

Front 54

Name the 2 motor nerves that provide innervation to the orbicularis oculi, levator palpebrae superioris, occipito frontalis, procerus muscle.

Back 54

Somatic sensory and motor nerve. Autonomic nerve

Front 55

Which internal connective tissue structures gives shape to eyelids?

Back 55

Fibrous layer (aerolar connective tissue)

Front 56

The lids are lined with conjunctiva. Which superficial conjunctiva cells produce part of the tears film?

Back 56

Fornix

Front 57

What type of secretion do meibomian glands produce?

Back 57

Secretes oily substance- fatty sebum meibum.

Front 58

State 3 functions of the eyelids.

Back 58

Protects eye and cornea. Reduce light and radiations entering the eye. Moves tears across the cornea to the Lacrimal drainage system. Maintain support the eyes position in the orbit. Provides constituents of tears film