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250 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Conveys stimulus toward the cell body
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Dendrite
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The nerve cell bodies of the unipolar, sensory neurons form this enlarged structure
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Dorsal root ganglion
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Nerve cell processes of efferent fibers on their way to muscles; the bodies of the motor neurons are located in the ventral horn of the gray matter
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Ventral root
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A mixture of the incoming sensory processes and th outgoing motor processes; there are 31 pairs
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Spinal nerves
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Mixture of sensory and motor fibers that branch posteriorly
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Dorsal Ramus
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How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves are there (individually)?
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8,12,5,2,1
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What vertebrae is the lumbar plexus made up of?
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T12,L1-4
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How many pairs of peripheral nerves are there?
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31 spinal nerves
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How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
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Twelve
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Conveys stimulus away from the cell body
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Axon
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Junction btwn axon and dendrite or cell body
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Synapse
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Insulating fatty substance (speeds up conduction velocity)
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Myelin
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Spaces btwn myelin sheaths
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Nodes of Ranvier
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One axon, multiple dendrites (motor cells, many interneurons)
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Multipolar
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One axon, one dendrite (special sensory cells)
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Bipolar
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One process acts both as a dendrite and axon (sensory cells)
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Unipolar
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Glial cell in the CNS that performs repair processes
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Astrocytes
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Glial cell in the CNS that produces myelin
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Oligodendrocytes
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Glial cell in the CNS that acts are garbage man (phagocytizes)
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Microglia
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Glial cell in the CNS thatline the inner cavities
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Ependymal cells
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Glial cell in the PNS that produces myelin
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Schwann cells
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Collection of neuronal cells
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Nucleus
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Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
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Ganglion
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Bundle of axons in the PNS
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Nerve
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Bundle of axons in the PNS
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Nerve
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Bundle of axons in the CNS
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Tract
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Axons that convey impulses toward
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Afferent
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Axons that carry the impulse away
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Efferent
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Composed of nerve cell bodies; no myelin coating
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Gray matter
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Sensory nerve processes bringing info into the spinal cord
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Dorsal root
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If a ligament crosses it has this in the name
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Cruciate
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If ligaments connect across joints on sides
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Collateral
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Located on the medial femoral condyle, this ligament prevents femur from moving on a fixed tibia
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Posterior cruciate
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These two ligaments of the knee protect joint and provide support
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Medial collateral (tibial collateral) and Lateral collateral (fibula collateral)
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The deltoid ligament as a whole does what?
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Protect medial border of ankle and prevent excess Eversion
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These lateral ligaments go from the talus to the fibula of the ankle and do what?
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Prevent excess Inversion
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These four ligaments make up the DELTOID ligament and are located medially from TIBIA to MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
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Anterior tibiotalar, Posterior tibiotalar, Tibionavicular, and Tibiocalcaneal
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These three ligaments are lateral on the ankle and connect from TALUS to FIBULA
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Anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, and calcaneofibular
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This ankle ligament allows you to spring off a step (connects from CALCANEUS to NAVICULAR and TARSALS
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Plantar calcaneonavicular
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This ankle ligament goes from CALCANEUS to NAVICULAR and TARSALS also
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Long plantar
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This ligament is located on the anterior part of the tibia and prevents tibia from moving forward on the femur
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Anterior cruciate
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Produces bone cells and secretes organic material
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Osteoblast
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Mature bone cell
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Osteocyte
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Destroys bone cells by secreting acid
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Osteoclast
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End of long bone
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Epiphysis
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Growth line (early in life is cartilage)on a long bone
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Epiphyseal line
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Open and airy bone
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Spongy
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Tight and hard bone
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Compact bone
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Outer layer of bone (fibrous outer/cellular inner); pain sensitive
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Periosteum
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Mainly fat in a bone (center)
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Yellow marrow
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Tightly arranged in layers (lamellae)
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Haversian system
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Faster type of bone growth; fibrous tissue to bone (flat bones: skull, hip)
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Intramembranous ossification
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Bone growth from cartilage (epiphyseal plate)
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Endochondral ossification
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Rough and bony prominence
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Process
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Large blunt process only in the femur
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Trochanter
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Large blunt rounded process (smaller than trochanter)
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Tuberosity
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Smaller blunt rounded process (smaller than tuberosity)
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Tuburcle
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Pointed bony projection
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Spine
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Prominent border (rough)
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Crest
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Smooth concave surface
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Fossa
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Hole
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Foramen
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Rounded articular suface joined to the diaphysis of bone
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Head of bone
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Smooth convex structure joined to the shaft of long bone
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Condyle
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Eminence around condyle
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Epicondyle
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Smooth surface for articulation
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Facet
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Upper superior part of hip
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Ilium
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Lowest posterior part of hip
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Ischium
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Anterior part of hip
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Pubis
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Socket of hip (all 3 bones contribute to it)
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Acetabulum
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Medial malleolus is located on the
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Tibia
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Lateral malleolus is located on the
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Fibula
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Tibia and fibula contact the _____ of the ankle
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Talus
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Name the tarsal bones
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Talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
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There are ___ metatarsal bones
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Five
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The hallux is the ____ ____
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Great toe
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Fibrous and immovable joints classification
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Synarthrosis
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A suture is a ____ joint and is located in the ______
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Synarthritic; skull
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The tibia and fibula have small amt of "give"...this is called _________ and is a synarthritic joint
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Syndemosis
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Cartilaginous joints that are slightly movable are _______
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Amphiarthrotic
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The joint btwn the ribs and sternum is described as ______
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Synchondrosis
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Fibrocartilage btwn bones such as pelvis and vertebrae are called ______
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Symphysis
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Movement in one plane (sagittal) (also called ginglymus)
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Hinge
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Trochoid (cervical spine) rotary
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Pivot
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Thumb joint (sellar)
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Saddle
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Freely movable, synovial fluid filled joints are called _______
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Diarthrosis
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Metatarsophalangeal joint; movement in sag and coronal planes
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Condyloid
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Bind bone to bone; excess stretch is a strain
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Ligaments
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These two ligaments of the hip prevent excess ABduction
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Pubofemoral and iliofemoral (Y ligament)
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Ligament of hip that prevents excessive internal rotation of the femur
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Ischiofemoral
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Heart muscles; involuntary; striated
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Cardiac
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Involuntary; lines walls of blood vessels, bronchi, etc
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Smooth
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Voluntary; striated
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Skeletal
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Fleshy part of skeletal muscle
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Muscle belly
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Attach muscle to bone
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Tendon
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Where tendon attaches proximally
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Origin
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Where tendons attach distally
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Insertion
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Fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilaments, (actin and myosin)
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Sarcomere
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Covers entire muscle
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Epimysium
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Surrounds a bundle of fibers called fasicle
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Perimysium
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Covers individual muscle fibers
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Endomysium
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Does essential motion (prime movers)
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Agonist
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Opposite motion of agonist
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Antagonist
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Muscle that prevents unwanted motion at one joint to facilitate motion at another
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Synergist
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Decreasing the angle at the joint
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Flexion
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Increasing the angle at a joint
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Extension
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Moving AWAY from midline
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ABduction
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Moving TOWARD the midline
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ADduction
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Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (pseudorotation)
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Circumduction
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Moving a bone around its longitudinal axis (internal; medial or external; lateral)
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Rotation
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Drawing the forefoot up and the heel down (toes to nose)
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Dorsiflexion
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Drawing the forefoot down the heel up (toes to ground; step on gas)
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Plantarflexion
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Turning the sole of the foot inward
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Inversion
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Turning the sole of the foot outward
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Eversion
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Turning the palm of the hand anteriorly (up)
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Supination
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origin: all lumbar vertebrae (5)
insertion: lesser trochanter of the femur action: flexes hip nerve: femoral nerve |
Psoas Major
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origin: ilium -iliac fossa
insertion: less trochanter of the femur action: flexes hip nerve: femoral nerve |
Iliacus
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Two muscles of the anterior hip
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Psoas Major and Iliacus
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The muscles of the anterior hip do what action?
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Flex the hip
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The muscles of the anterior hip are innervated by the
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Femoral nerve
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origin: posterior ilium; sacrum; (lower vert)
insertion: gluteal tuberosity (femur) IT band action: extends hip (external rotation) nerve: inferior gluteal nerve |
Gluteus Maximus
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origin: crest (outer surface)of ilium
insertion: greater trochanter of femur action: ABduction of hip nerve: superior gluteal nerve |
Gluteus Medius
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origin: outer surface of ilium
insertion: greater trochanter of femur action: ABduction of the hip; stabilizes pelvis nerve: superior gluteal nerve |
Gluteus Minimus
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origin: anterior border of sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter action: external rotation of the hip nerve: nerve to ________ |
Piriformis (triangular/ deep)
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origin: complex
insertion: greater trochanter action: external rotation of hip (weak extensor) nerve: varies |
Obturators Internus and Externus (deep/ below piriformis)
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origin: complex
insertion: greater trochanter action: rotation of hip ( and extend) nerve: varies |
Superior and inferior gemelli (deep/surround obturators)
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origin:
insertion: greater trochanter action: external rotation & extensor of hip nerve: varies |
Quadratis femoris (deep)
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What muscles extend the hip?
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Gluteus maximus, sup and inf gemelli, and quadratus femoris
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What muscles abduct the hip?
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Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, & tensor fasciae latae
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What muscles rotate the hip?
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Piriformis, sup and inf gemelli, quadratus femoris, and obturators
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What muscle also flexes the hip as well as abducts?
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Tensor fasciae latae
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origin: ASIS
insertion: tibia (medial front) action: crosses hip and knee - flexes nerve: femoral nerve |
Sartorious (longest muscle)
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origin:AIIS
insertion: quadriceps tendon (patella); tibial tuberosity action: crosses hip and knee -flexes hip and extends knee nerve: femoral nerve |
Rectus femoris
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origin: posterior surface femur (linea aspera)
insertion: patella/ tibial tuberosity action: extends knee nerve: femoral nerve |
Vastus lateralis
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origin: linea aspera
insertion: patella/ tibial tuberosity action: extends knee nerve:femoral nerve |
Vastus medialis
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origin: anterior surface of femur
insertion: patella/ tibial tuberosity action: extends knee nerve: femoral nerve |
Vastus intermedius
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How many muscles are in the anterior thigh?
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Five (sartorius, 4 quadriceps femoris)
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Name the Quadriceps femoris
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Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, v. medialis, v. intermedius
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What two muscles in the anterior thigh flex the hip?
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Sartorius and Rectus femoris
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What muscles of the anterior thigh extend the knee?
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Rectus femoris, v. lateralis, v. medialis, and v. intermedius
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The Vastus Intermedius is _____ to the v. lateralis and v. medialis
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Deep
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origin: inferior ramus of the pubic bone
insertion: medial border of the tibia below sartorious action: ADuction of hip; flexes knee nerve: obturator nerve |
Gracilis
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origin: inferior ramus
insertion: posterior side of femur action: hip ADuction nerve: obturator nerve |
Adductor longus
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origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial border of femur (all along) action: hip ADuction nerve: obturator nerve |
Adductor magnus
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How many muscles are in the medial thigh?
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Five (pectineus, gracilis, adductor longus, brevis, and magnus)
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All the muscles of the medial thigh are innervated by the ________
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Obturator nerve
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origin: long-ischial tuberosity short-linea aspera
insertion: (common tendon) into head of fibula action: hip extensor; knee flexor nerve: long-tibial nerve short-common peroneal |
Biceps femoris
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(superficial & longer tendon)
origin: ischial tuberosity insertion: medial side of tibia action: hip extensor; knee flexor nerve: tibial nerve |
Semitendinosus
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origin: ischial tuberosity
insertion: medial tibial condyle action: hip extensor & knee flexor nerve: tibial nerve |
Semimembranosus
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How many muscles are in the posterior thigh?
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Three (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
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What is the origin of the muscles of the posterior thigh?
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Ischial tuberosity
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What is the action of all the posterior muscles of the thigh?
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Hip extensor & knee flexor
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What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior thigh?
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Tibial nerve
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position: lateral to tibia
action: dorsiflexion ankle; inversion of foot nerve: deep peroneal nerve |
Tibialis anterior
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position: lateral to tibialis anterior
action: dorsiflexor; eversion of the foot; extends digits nerve: deep peroneal nerve |
Extensor digitorum longus
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position: lateral to ext. digit. longus
action: single tendon to great toe; ankle dorsiflexon; inversion of foot; extends big toe nerve: deep peroneal |
Extensor hallucis longus
|
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How many muscles are in the anterior leg?
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Three (tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)
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What nerve innervates the anterior leg?
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Deep peroneal nerve
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What two muscles of the three of the anterior leg cause inversion of the foot?
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Tibialis anterior and Extensor hallucis longus
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origin: head and upper 2/3 of fibula
insertion: base of 1st metatarsal action: plantarflexion; eversion (strong) nerve: superficial peroneal nerve |
Peroneus longus
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origin: lateral and upper fibula
insertion: base of 5th metatarsal action: plantarflexion; eversion nerve: superficial peroneal |
Peroneus brevis
|
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How many muscles are in the lateral leg?
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Two (Peroneus longus & brevis)
|
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Both muscles of the lateral leg cause what 2 actions?
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Plantarflexion and eversion
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The Peroneus longus and brevis are both innervated by ________
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Superficial peroneal
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2 heads cross knee
origin: medial & lateral femoral condyles insertion: calcaneal tendon action: flexor of the knee; plantarflexor nerve: tibial nerve |
Gastrocnemius
|
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superficial (below gastroc.)
origin: proximal parts of tibia & fibula insertion: calcaneal tendon action: plantarflexor nerve: tibial nerve |
Soleus
|
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superficial (behind knee)
origin: lateral femoral condyle insertion: calcaneal tendon action: weak knee flexor; plantarflexor nerve: tibial nerve |
Plantaris (freshman nerve)
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|
origin: lateral femoral condyle
insertion: proximal part of tibia action: knee flexor nerve: tibial nerve |
Popliteus (deep)
|
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position: medial
action: plantarflexor; flexes digits 2-5 nerve: tibial nerve |
Flexor digitorum longus
|
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position: lateral
action: plantarflexor ankle; flexes hallux nerve: tibial nerve |
Flexor hallucis longus (deep)
|
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How many muscles are in the posterior leg?
|
Seven (3 superficial and 4 deep)
|
|
What muscles of the posterior leg plantarflexes?
|
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior
|
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What muscles of the posterior leg flex the knee?
|
Gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus
|
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What nerve innervates the posterior leg?
|
Tibial nerve
|
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position: medial (insert hallux)
action: ABducts hallux nerve: medial plantar nerve |
Abductor hallucis
|
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position: middle
action: flexes 2-5 nerve: medial plantar nerve |
Flexor digitorum brevis
|
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Flexes 2-5 indirectly; lateral plantar nerve
|
Quadratus plantae
|
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Btwn tendons; flex metatarsal; phalangeal joints; medial plantar and lateral plantar
|
Lumbricales
|
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action: ABducts 2,3,4
nerve: lateral plantar nerve |
Dorsal interossei
|
|
Which muscles of the foot are superficial?
|
Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi
|
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What muscles of the foot are deep?
|
Dorsal and plantar interossei
|
|
Brings tendons close to bone (looks like a wrap)
|
Retinaculum
|
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Sinovial fluid to reduce friction (tunnels)
|
Sinovial tendon sheets
|
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Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus S2-4 supplies muscles of pelvic floor
|
Pudendal
|
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Branch of sciatic nerve from L4-S3 and then branches into medial and lateral plantar nerves (flexors)
|
Tibial nerve
|
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Branch of sciatic nerve that divides into a sup. and deep
|
Common peroneal
|
|
Proximal muscles (motor neurons) connect _____ in horn
|
Medial
|
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Hollow hole in blood vessel
|
Lumen
|
|
Internal coat; endothelium; interelastic membrane
|
Tunica intima
|
|
Middle coat-smooth muscle; elastic
|
Tunica media
|
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Vessel that is a layer of endothelium; allows diffusion
|
Capillary
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Takes blood to heart; valves ensure one way flow (esp. in lower extremities) less smooth muscle-lumen is larger
|
Vein
|
|
Two vessels connect (more in veins)
|
Anastomoses
|
|
Femoral triangle is made up of what muscles?
|
Inguinal ligament, sartorious, adductor longus, iliopsoas, pectineus
|
|
Femoral triangle contains what?
|
Femoral nerve, artery and vein
|
|
Popliteal fossa contains what muscles?
|
Biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus, lateral and medial head of gastrocnemius
|
|
Popliteal fossa contains what vessels?
|
Popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve
|
|
Hole in adductor magnus
|
Adductor canal
|
|
Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus L4-S1 and innervates the gluteus medius and minimus
|
Sup. gluteal nerve
|
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Spinal nerve in lumbar plexus L2-L4 that passes by psoas major, iliacus, crosses inguinal ligament and goes to ant. thigh
|
Femoral nerve
|
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Spinal nerve in lumbar plexus L2-L4 that comes our of obturator foramen; medial compartment of the thigh
|
Obturator nerve
|
|
Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus L5-S2 and innervates gluteus maximus
|
Inf. gluteal nerve
|
|
All the muscles of the medial thigh do what?
|
ADuct the hip
|
|
Digits 2-5 have ___ bones... ____ ____ and ____
|
Three; proximal, middle, distal
|
|
Forms another foramen thru which a nerve comes
|
Sacrotuberous lig.
|
|
Opening btwn adjacent vertebrae through which spinal nerve emerges
|
Intervertebral foramen
|
|
Convexity of spine facing posteriorly
|
Kyphosis
|
|
Convexity of spine facing anteriorly
|
Lordosis
|
|
Lateral curve in spine
|
Scoliosis
|
|
What are the Erector Spinae muscles and what innervates them?
|
Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis; dorsal rami nerve
|
|
Ribs 1-7 are ____ ribs.
|
True
|
|
False ribs do not reach sternum directly; these are ribs ___ - ___.
|
8-12
|
|
Ribs 8-10 are connected to costal cartilage of rib __.
|
Seven
|
|
Ribs 11 and 12 have no sternal attachments so they are called ________ ____.
|
Floating ribs
|
|
Ribs 3-10 articulate with the _______ of the thoracis vert.
|
Demifacets
|
|
These 3 muscles of the back rotate and extend vertbral column and span short segments
|
Transversospinalis, interspinales, intertransversales
|
|
45% of head rotation is done in the _____ and ____ . The rest is done in C2-C7.
|
Atlas and axis
|
|
Arteries of lower limb begin when the _______ _______ _______ crosses the inguinal lig. and becomes the ________ _______.
|
External iliac artery; femoral artery
|
|
Begins when the femoral a. passes thru the adductor hiatus/ canal (opening in adductor magnus)
|
Popliteal a.
|
|
Last branch of post. tibial a. of posterior leg
|
Peroneal a.
|
|
Last branch of post. tibial a. of posterior leg
|
Peroneal a.
|
|
Pulse of foot can be felt here; branch of ant. tib. a.
|
Dorsalis pedis a.
|
|
Supplies feet and toes with blood
|
Medial and lateral plantar aa.
|
|
Artery in posterior thigh that supplies the hamstrings
|
Deep femoral a
|
|
position: between flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
action: plantarflexor; inversion of foot nerve: tibial nerve |
Tibialis posterior (deep)
|
|
What muscles of the leg cause inversion?
|
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior
|
|
What muscles of the leg cause eversion?
|
Extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus, and peroneus brevis
|
|
Formed between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae; gliding type joints, allows for flexion, extension and rotation, depending on regional differences
|
Facet joints
|
|
Prevents excessive extension and runs length of vert. column
|
Anterior longitudinal lig.
|
|
Next to spinal canal and prevents excessive flexion
|
Posterior longitudinal lig.
|
|
Prevents excessive flexion and attaches on the spinous processes; has a thick part in cervical area called the ligamentum nuchae
|
Supraspinous ligament
|
|
Prevents excessive flexion; attaches under spinous process to the top of the next process
|
Intraspinous lig.
|
|
Connects posterior laminae
|
Ligamentum flava
|
|
Turns the sacrum and greater sciatic notch into a foramen; sciatic nerve comes thru it
|
Sacrospinous lig.
|
|
How many muscles are there in the posterior hip group?
|
Eight
(3 gluteus, tensor, piriformis, obturators, gemelli, and quadratus femoris) |
|
Joint that can move in all planes (enarthroidal)
|
Ball and Socket
|
|
Composed of nerve cell processes; have myelin coating
|
White matter
|
|
Mixture of sensory and motor fibers that branch anteriorly; these are the processes that will be involved in the formation of nerve plexuses
|
Ventral ramus
|
|
Spinal nerves in the sacral plexus L4-S3 comes out under piriformis and has 2 divisions
|
Sciatic
|
|
Stem cells (immature) in center of bone
|
Red marrow
|
|
action: ADducts 3,4,5
nerve: lateral plantar nerve |
Plantar interossei
|
|
Turning the palm of the hand posteriorly (down)
|
Pronation
|
|
origin: superior ramus of the pubic bone
insertion: femur (medial side) action: ADuction of the hip nerve: obturator nerve (and sometimes the femoral nerve) |
Pectineus
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Move blood away from heart; thicker wall
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Artery
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Outer coat-white fibrous connective tissue
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Tunica externa or adventitia
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Shaft of a long bone
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Diaphysis
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What one action does all three muscles of the anterior leg do?
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Dorsiflexion of ankle
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What three joints have gliding or arthodial joints?
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Talocalcaneal, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid
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origin: anterior part of iliac crest
insertion: Gerdy's tuburcle (IT band) action: ABducts and flexes hip nerve: superior gluteal nerve |
Tensor Fasciae latae (broad band of connective tissue; IT band)
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position: lateral
action: abducts baby toe nerve: lateral plantar nerve |
Abductor digiti minimi
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shorter (deep)
origin: inf. ramus insertion: posterior side of femur action: Adduction of hip nerve: obturator nerve |
Adductor brevis
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