Anatomy Of The Brain-Neuro

Front 1

Meninges

Back 1

protects the brain and spinal cord

Front 2

3 layers of the meninges:

Back 2

dura mater, arachnoid mater (subarachnoid space), & pia mater

Front 3

gyrus:

Back 3

bumpy surface of brain

Front 4

sulcus:

Back 4

dark areas

Front 5

right and left hemispheres separated by:

Back 5

longitudinal cerebral fissure

Front 6

5 cerebral lobes:

Back 6

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular

Front 7

2 major sulci?

Back 7

Lateral sulcus (Fissure of Sylvius), central sulcus

Front 8

Frontal lobe divisions:

Back 8

primary motor, premotor, lateral prefrontal, & ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Front 9

Parietal lobe:

Back 9

primary sensory cortex & association areas (angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus)

Front 10

Temporal lobe:

Back 10

superior, middle & inferior temporal gyri, Heschel's gyrus, Wernicke's area

Front 11

Insular lobe is located in:

Back 11

the floor of the lateral sulcus

Front 12

Parahyppocampal gyrus is locate in:

Back 12

the ventral surface of the brain

Front 13

"Limbic lobe" includes:

Back 13

parahyppocampal & cingulate gyri

Front 14

Two hemispheres are interconnected by:

Back 14

corpus callosum (largest structure in brain) & anterior and posterior commissures.

Front 15

Broadmann’s areas (BA) related to cognition, communication & related functions:

Back 15

Primary auditory area (Heschel’s gyrus): BA 41, & 42
Auditory association area (Wernicke’s) BA 22
Primary sensory area: BAs 1,2, & 3
Supramarginal gyrus (BA 40)
Angular gyrus: BA 39
Primary motor cortex: BA 4
Motor speech area: BA 44,
Eye movement: BA 8
Primary visual area: BA 17
Visual association areas: BAs 18 & 19

Front 16

Left hemisphere functions:

Back 16

letters, words, language-related sounds, complex voluntary movement, verbal memory, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic

Front 17

Right hemisphere functions:

Back 17

Complex geometric patterns (faces), nonlanguage environmental sounds (music), tactile recognition of complex patterns (Braille), movements in spatial patterns, nonverbal memory, prosody, geometry, sense of direction, mental rotation of shapes.

Front 18

Broadmann’s areas (BA) related to cognition, communication & related functions:

Back 18

Primary auditory area (Heschel’s gyrus): BA 41, & 42
Auditory association area (Wernicke’s) BA 22
Primary sensory area: BAs 1,2, & 3
Supramarginal gyrus (BA 40)
Angular gyrus: BA 39
Primary motor cortex: BA 4
Motor speech area: BA 44,
Eye movement: BA 8
Primary visual area: BA 17
Visual association areas: BAs 18 & 19

Front 19

Left hemisphere functions:

Back 19

letters, words, language-related sounds, complex voluntary movement, verbal memory, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic

Front 20

Origin of the cerebral vasculature:

Back 20

arterial branches from the arch of aorta & subclavian arteries are the major source.

Front 21

Right hemisphere functions:

Back 21

Complex geometric patterns (faces), nonlanguage environmental sounds (music), tactile recognition of complex patterns (Braille), movements in spatial patterns, nonverbal memory, prosody, geometry, sense of direction, mental rotation of shapes.

Front 22

Explain cerebrovascular system.

Back 22

Anteriorly, the carotid systen ascends through the neck to the skull. After entering the cranial vault, the internal carotid bifurcates to form middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Posteriorly, the vertebral system reach the foramen magnum through transverse processes of the vertebrae. After entering cranial vault the vertebrals fuse to form the basilar artery. Basilar artery traverses the long axis of the brain stem and subsequently bifurcates to form posterior cerebral arteries. Middle cerebral artery is language artery.

Front 23

Origin of the cerebral vasculature:

Back 23

arterial branches from the arch of aorta & subclavian arteries are the major source.

Front 24

Corpus Striatum:

Back 24

comprises the striatum (caudate & putamen) & pallidum (glubus pallidus).

Front 25

Explain cerebrovascular system.

Back 25

Anteriorly, the carotid systen ascends through the neck to the skull. After entering the cranial vault, the internal carotid bifurcates to form middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Posteriorly, the vertebral system reach the foramen magnum through transverse processes of the vertebrae. After entering cranial vault the vertebrals fuse to form the basilar artery. Basilar artery traverses the long axis of the brain stem and subsequently bifurcates to form posterior cerebral arteries. Middle cerebral artery is language artery.

Front 26

basal ganglia:

Back 26

corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus & substantia nigra.

Front 27

Corpus Striatum:

Back 27

comprises the striatum (caudate & putamen) & pallidum (glubus pallidus).

Front 28

Broadmann’s areas (BA) related to cognition, communication & related functions:

Back 28

Primary auditory area (Heschel’s gyrus): BA 41, & 42
Auditory association area (Wernicke’s) BA 22
Primary sensory area: BAs 1,2, & 3
Supramarginal gyrus (BA 40)
Angular gyrus: BA 39
Primary motor cortex: BA 4
Motor speech area: BA 44,
Eye movement: BA 8
Primary visual area: BA 17
Visual association areas: BAs 18 & 19

Front 29

Basal Ganglia is involved in:

Back 29

memory, emotion and other cognitive functions.

Front 30

basal ganglia:

Back 30

corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus & substantia nigra.

Front 31

Basal ganglia is also called:

Back 31

extrapyramidal system

Front 32

Left hemisphere functions:

Back 32

letters, words, language-related sounds, complex voluntary movement, verbal memory, speech, reading, writing, arithmetic

Front 33

Basal Ganglia is involved in:

Back 33

memory, emotion and other cognitive functions.

Front 34

Striatum contains:

Back 34

Caudate Nucleus & Globus Pallidus

Front 35

Basal ganglia is also called:

Back 35

extrapyramidal system

Front 36

Right hemisphere functions:

Back 36

Complex geometric patterns (faces), nonlanguage environmental sounds (music), tactile recognition of complex patterns (Braille), movements in spatial patterns, nonverbal memory, prosody, geometry, sense of direction, mental rotation of shapes.

Front 37

Origin of the cerebral vasculature:

Back 37

arterial branches from the arch of aorta & subclavian arteries are the major source.

Front 38

Striatum contains:

Back 38

Caudate Nucleus & Globus Pallidus

Front 39

Explain cerebrovascular system.

Back 39

Anteriorly, the carotid systen ascends through the neck to the skull. After entering the cranial vault, the internal carotid bifurcates to form middle and anterior cerebral arteries. Posteriorly, the vertebral system reach the foramen magnum through transverse processes of the vertebrae. After entering cranial vault the vertebrals fuse to form the basilar artery. Basilar artery traverses the long axis of the brain stem and subsequently bifurcates to form posterior cerebral arteries. Middle cerebral artery is language artery.

Front 40

Corpus Striatum:

Back 40

comprises the striatum (caudate & putamen) & pallidum (glubus pallidus).

Front 41

basal ganglia:

Back 41

corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus & substantia nigra.

Front 42

Basal Ganglia is involved in:

Back 42

memory, emotion and other cognitive functions.

Front 43

Basal ganglia is also called:

Back 43

extrapyramidal system

Front 44

Striatum contains:

Back 44

Caudate Nucleus & Globus Pallidus

Front 45

Lentiform Nucleus contains:

Back 45

Putamen & Globus Pallidus

Front 46

Cells that are deficient in patients with Parkinson's:

Back 46

Neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine & gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 47

What does the Basal Ganglia Controlled Circuits do?

Back 47

maintains normal posture & static muscle contraction, regulates amplitude, velocity, & initiation of movements.
Orientation of movement in space & learning new movements.

Front 48

What is the Diencephalon?

Back 48

Central core of the cerebrum, almost entirely surrounded by cerebral hemispheres. Third ventricle divides diencephalon into symmetrical halves.

Front 49

Components of diencephalon:

Back 49

thalamus, sub-thalamus epithalamus, & hypothalamus.

Front 50

Thalamus, epithalamus & hypothalamus form?

Back 50

the walls and floor of third ventricle.

Front 51

Thalamus is located:

Back 51

medial to the basal ganglia structures.

Front 52

Thalamus is:

Back 52

egg-shaped collection of nuclei located above the brain stem. All sensory pathways, except olfactory, terminate in thalamus. It maintains cortical activity that influences arousal and attention. Perception of crude aspects of pain, temperature, and touch, but not accurate localization.

Front 53

Impairment of thalamus can result in:

Back 53

language and speech impairment and olfactory hallucination.

Front 54

Lesion of left lateral thalamic lesion results in:

Back 54

stuttering

Front 55

mediodorsal nucleus:

Back 55

connected with limbic system & frontal lobes

Front 56

placing lesion in mediodorsal nuclei will ameliorate:

Back 56

severe anxiety states

Front 57

Korsakoff's syndrome is:

Back 57

(amnesia) disorder of memory: lesion in mediodorsal nucleus.

Front 58

Hypothalamus is located:

Back 58

inferior and anterior to thalamus.

Front 59

Functions of hypothalamus:

Back 59

maintains homeostasis (maintaining body temp, water intake, excretion, blood pressure), eating, reproductive and defensive behaviors, emotional expression of fear, rage, pleasure, regulation of circadian rhythms.

Front 60

Lesion of subthalamic nucleus results in:

Back 60

hemiballismus (sudden, involuntary movements)

Front 61

Epithalamus?

Back 61

help regulate circadian rhythms, influences secretions of pituitary gland, adrenals & parathyroid.

Front 62

Brain stem:

Back 62

includes midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata. Connects spinal cord with forebrain. Located between forebrain and spinal cord.

Front 63

Function of brain stem:

Back 63

serves as conduit for ascending and descending tracts connecting spinal cord to different parts of the brain.

Front 64

Brain stem controls:

Back 64

respiration and cardio-vascular system, also associated with the control of consciousness. Contains important nuclei for cranial nerves 3-12.

Front 65

Medulla oblongata associated with cranial nerves:

Back 65

9, 10, 11, 12

Front 66

Pons:

Back 66

a bridge between midbrain and medulla oblongata. transverse fibers that converge to form middle cerebellar peduncle. Trigeminal nerve on anterolateral surface.

Front 67

Cerebellum:

Back 67

is connected to brainstem through 3 fiber tracts.

Front 68

Cerebellum (physical attributes):

Back 68

a surface layer of gray matter, medullary center of white matter, 4 pairs of central nuclei in the center: fastigial, globose, emboliform & dentate.

Front 69

(Cerebellum) Paleocerebellum-

Back 69

the second oldest part of cerebellum. Regulates posture.

Front 70

(Cerebellum) Neocerebellum-

Back 70

regulates co-ordination (synergy: smoothness) of muscle control.

Front 71

Function of cerebellum:

Back 71

voluntary movements, maintains equilibrium, predicts future positions of moving parts of the body, controls voluntary and involuntary postural movements, makes special contribution to synergy of muscle action, especially in learned activities that require precision.