Anatomy Of Physiology

Front 1

Anatomical Position

Back 1

Erect, Feet parallel, Arms hanging at side, w/ Palms forward

Front 2

Orientation and directional terms; know opposites:

Back 2

a.Superior-Inferior
b.Ventral(anterior)-Dorsal(posterior)
c.Medial-Lateral
d.Proximal-Distal
e.Superficial(external)-Deep(internal)

Front 3

Superior (cranial or cephalad)

Back 3

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.
(example: The forehead is superior to the nose)

Front 4

Inferior (caudal)

Back 4

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
(Example: the navel is inferior to the breastbone.)

Front 5

Ventral (anterior)

Back 5

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
(Example: The breastbone is anterior to the spine)

Front 6

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 6

Toward or at the backside of the body; behind
(Example: The heart is posterior to the breastbone)

Front 7

Medial

Back 7

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
(Example: The heart is medial to the arm)

Front 8

Lateral

Back 8

Away from the midline of the body,; on the outer side of
(Example: The arms are lateral to the chest)

Front 9

Proximal

Back 9

Close to the origin of the body art or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
(Example: The elbow is proximal to the wrist [meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is])

Front 10

Distal

Back 10

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
(Example: The knee is distal to the thigh)

Front 11

Superficial (external)

Back 11

Toward or at the body surface (Example:The skin is superficial to the skeleton.)

Front 12

Deep (internal)

Back 12

Away from the body surface; more internal
(Example: The lungs are deep to the rib cage)

Front 13

Antercubital Region

Back 13

Anterior Landmark anterior surface of elbow.

Front 14

Integumentary System

Back 14

Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; Location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
(waterproofing, temperature, protection…)

Front 15

Skeletal System

Back 15

Protects and supports body organs: provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
(

Front 16

Muscular System

Back 16

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat.
(contract for movement)

Front 17

Nervous System

Back 17

Fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
(brain, spinal cord, nerves for responsiveness)

Front 18

Endocrine System

Back 18

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
(Slow reacting control center, excretes hormones)

Front 19

Cardiovascular System

Back 19

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood. (Transportation mechanism for oxygen, nutrients, hormones...)

Front 20

Lymphatic System

Back 20

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity. (complements cardiovascular system, return fluid leaked from the blood back to blood vessels…)

Front 21

Respiratory System

Back 21

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.(supply body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide…)

Front 22

Organic Compounds

Back 22

Organic contains carbon

Front 23

Non-organic

Back 23

Organic contains carbon, Inorganic does NOT contain carbon, Example: NaCl¯ (Sodium)

Front 24

Ionic Bonds

Back 24

Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.

Front 25

Covalent Bonds

Back 25

Molecules in which atoms share electrons

Front 26

Complementary Base Sequence

Back 26

DNA: A-T and G-C

Front 27

Steps of tissue repair:

Back 27

1. Capillaries become very permeable
2. Granulation tissue forms – forming new capillaries
3. Surface epithelium regenerates

Front 28

Epithelial tissue

Back 28

The lining, covering, and glandular tissue of the body. is AVASCULAR

Front 29

Categories of Epithelial Tissue Membrane:

Back 29

1. Cutaneous - skin
2. Mucous – ears, eyes, nose, mouth, vagina, urinary
3. Serous – parietal & visceral

Front 30

Vital function of skin

Back 30

converts cholesterol into vitamin D(cholecalciferal)

Front 31

Factors that stimulate sebum

Back 31

hormones

Front 32

What is the axial skeletal system made of?

Back 32

1. Skull
2. Ribs – attached to sternum
3. Spine – vertebral column

Front 33

Joints are the union of two bones. 3 types:

Back 33

1. Synarthroses – immovable joints, synsacrum
2. Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joints, vertebral sutures
3. Diarthroses - freely movable joints, all movements

Front 34

The canal that runs through osteon (Volkmann’s Canal) contain:

Back 34

blood vessels & nerves

Front 35

Insertions of:

Back 35

a. Gluteus Maximus – is the gluteal tuberosity of the femur
b. Achilles tendon – gastrocnemius muscle at heel

Front 36

Function of Gluteus Maximus – extensors

Back 36

a. Anterior muscles = flexor
b. Posterior muscles = extensor

Front 37

What is muscle tone?

Back 37

Sustained partial muscle contraction
(Fight or flight)

Front 38

Junction between neurons.

Back 38

synaptic cleft (synapse)

Front 39

Correct sequence of connective tissue sheaths: (outer to inner)

Back 39

a. Epineurium
b. Perinurium
c. Endonerium

Front 40

Shallow groove on the cerebral cortex

Back 40

sulcus

Front 41

We will have to pick what statement is NOT true of color blindness?

Back 41

Color blindness occurs often in women is the false statement

Front 42

Another name for Anvil

Back 42

incus

Front 43

We need to know the hypothalamus does NOT produce....

Back 43

thyroid stimulating hormone, the anterior pituitary does

Front 44

What hormones leads to Addison’s Disease?

Back 44

Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

Front 45

Blood Groups are based on the presence of...

Back 45

A & B antigens

Front 46

Hemophilia

Back 46

blood’s inability to clot

Front 47

What is the Intrinsic conduction system of heart?

Back 47

pace maker
SA node → AV node → AV bundle of His → Purkinje fibers → Purkinje cell

Front 48

Location of the carotid artery

Back 48

Neck

Front 49

We will need to choose what is NOT a second line of defense.

Back 49

Intact mucous membrane (it is first line)

Front 50

What is lymph?

Back 50

fluid forced out of capillary beds into tissue spaces.

Front 51

Walls of the alveoli.

Back 51

composed of simple squamous epithelium

Front 52

The pancreatic juice performs its function where?

Back 52

digestion in the duodenum

Front 53

We will have to say what is NOT a characteristic or function of the stomach

Back 53

Digestion begins here, this is NOT true because digestion does not begin here

Front 54

Noninvasive treatment of kidney stones.

Back 54

lithotripsy

Front 55

Percentage of sodium absorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules

Back 55

about 80%

Front 56

Inner mucosal layer of uterus that is discharged every 28 days:

Back 56

a. Perimetrium
b. Myometrium
c. Endometrium

Front 57

Which is true concerning internal, axial, and brachial regions

Back 57

anterior surface

Front 58

Know complimentary DNA pairs:

Back 58

A – T & C – G

Front 59

Endocrine glands

Back 59

ductless glands that secrete products into blood.

Front 60

Loss of fluid in burn patients is assessed by...

Back 60

rule of NINES

Front 61

Pathway of reflexes:

Back 61

Receptor → Afferent sensory neuron → Integration center → Efferent motor neuron → Effector

Front 62

Where is the mastoid process?

Back 62

Temporal bone

Front 63

What is acetylcholine?

Back 63

Neurotransmitter of smooth skeletal muscle

Front 64

Sequence of nerves that exit the spinal cord going from superior to inferior

Back 64

Cervical → Thoracic → Lumbar → Secral

Front 65

Correct order of light entering different parts of eye

Back 65

Cornea → Acuous Humor → Lens → Vitreous Humor

Front 66

What cells of the testes produce testosterone?

Back 66

Interstitial cell

Front 67

We will need to know the choice that does NOT cause anemia

Back 67

Polysythemia does NOT cause anemia

Front 68

We will need to recognize what is NOT a pressure point

Back 68

renal artery is NOT a pressure point

Front 69

The specific body defense system

Back 69

is slower than the non-specific

Front 70

We will need to recognize what characteristic or function the pleura does not possess

Back 70

the pleura does NOT produce sticky membrane

Front 71

The part of the pharynx that continuous with the esophagus

Back 71

oropharynx

Front 72

Example of buffer system

Back 72

bicarbonate buffer system

Front 73

Birth control procedure for men

Back 73

vasectomy

Front 74

Smallest living unit of all living things

Back 74

cell

Front 75

Description of enzymes

Back 75

biological catalyst

Front 76

Location of ribosomes

Back 76

found in nucleolus

Front 77

How epidermis receives nutrients

Back 77

nutrients reach surface of skin through upward diffusion

Front 78

The unpaired facial bone

Back 78

vomer

Front 79

Connective tissue sheaths that surrounds the skeletal muscle cell

Back 79

endomysium

Front 80

Position of the subarachnoid space

Back 80

between arachnoid and pia

Front 81

What does not provide information to the cerebellum for balance?

Back 81

Sight

Front 82

What is not a typical response of hormonal binding to target cells?

Back 82

Cellular mutations occur

Front 83

Ion essential for blood clotting

Back 83

calcium

Front 84

Sequence of outermost to innermost layer of blood vessels

Back 84

Tunica externa → tunica media → tunica intima

Front 85

A lymphocyte capable of responding to antigen

Back 85

immunocompittant

Front 86

Lipid molecule critical to lung function.

Back 86

surfactant

Front 87

People without phenylania suffer from?

Back 87

phenylketonuria

Front 88

Function of the endocrine system

Back 88

fast acting body control system - false

Front 89

The amin group acts like an acid

Back 89

false, the base group acts like an acid

Front 90

True or False Stratified consists of one layer

Back 90

false

Front 91

True or False: Mucosa membranes lack openings

Back 91

false

Front 92

True or False: ) Diaphysis of long bone is spongy

Back 92

False

Front 93

True or False: Muscle fatigue and soreness is a buildup of pyruvic acid

Back 93

False - lactid acid

Front 94

True or False: During depolarization the inside of the membrane becomes less negative or more positive

Back 94

True

Front 95

True or False: Gross eye movements are produced by 5 entrinsic muscles attached to outer eye

Back 95

False

Front 96

True or False: Hypersecretion of sex hormones leads to masculinization.

Back 96

True

Front 97

True or False: ph 7.35-7.45

Back 97

True

Front 98

True or False: Coronary sinus back side, drains oxygenated blood to L atrium

Back 98

False

Front 99

True or False: Lymph fluid exits afferent

Back 99

False

Front 100

True or False: Larynx is the passageway for food and air

Back 100

False

Front 101

Brush border enzyme have no effect on protein digestion

Back 101

False

Front 102

True or False: Urethra is shorter in woman than men

Back 102

True

Front 103

True or False: Ovaries have many almond shaped follicles

Back 103

True

Front 104

True or False: Lymphatic system secretes hormones

Back 104

False

Front 105

True or False: Lower ph = greater number of H+

Back 105

True

Front 106

True or False: Cardiac muscle cells are multinucleated

Back 106

False

Front 107

True or False: Jon burned hand…it is 3rd degree.

Back 107

False

Front 108

True or False: Costal cartilages joins ribs to sternum

Back 108

True

Front 109

True or False: Muscle fibers contract

Back 109

True (I bands diminish, H bands disappear, A bands do not decrease in size)

Front 110

True or False: Spinal nerves are paired, cranial nerves are not

Back 110

False

Front 111

True or False: Dynamic means not moving.

Back 111

False

Front 112

True or False: Placenta in pregnant woman

Back 112

True

Front 113

True or False: Normal blood volume in men = 5-6 L in men

Back 113

True

Front 114

True or False: Purkinje supplies ventricles, not atria

Back 114

True

Front 115

True or False: Macrophages arise from monocytes

Back 115

True

Front 116

True or False: Lungs of fetus fill with air late in pregnancy

Back 116

False

Front 117

True or False: Body’s thermostat is in the hypothalamus

Back 117

True

Front 118

True or False: Sperm swim faster in alkaline environment

Back 118

True