Anatomy Of Phonation Chap 4

Front 1

voiceless phonemes

Back 1

speech sounds produced without the use of the vocal folds /s/ /f/

Front 2

voiced phonemes

Back 2

speech sounds produced by the action of the vocal folds /z/ /v/

Front 3

phonation

Back 3

aka voicing
product of vibrating vocal folds which occurs within the larynx

source of voice for speech and is permitted by respiration which is the energy source

Front 4

glottis

Back 4

layer of tissue which is the space between the vocal folds

Front 5

subglottal region

Back 5

area below the vocal folds

Front 6

cricothyroid joint

Back 6

articulate the coming together of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages so they can come closer together in the front

Front 7

valleculae

Back 7

"little valleys" formed by the membrane between the tongue and the epiglottis

food is passed through here into the pyriform sinuses and eventually into the esophagus

food can accumulate here and you would see malodorous breath and a swallowing dysfunction

Front 8

aryepiglottic folds

Back 8

formed by the aryepiglottic muscles that course from the side of the epiglottis to the arytenoid apex

simply the ridges marking the highest elevation of membranes and muscles slung from epiglottis to arytenoids

Front 9

pyriform sinus

Back 9

space between the aryepiglottic fold and the thyroid cartilage which is an important point of transit for food and liquid during swallowing

Front 10

laryngoscope

Back 10

device typically used by laryngologists or SLPs to view the larynx

Front 11

lamina propria (SLP)

Back 11

deep to the thin epithelial layer

made up of two layers of elastin and one layer of collagen fibers to cushion the vocal folds

Front 12

thyrovocalis muscle

Back 12

muscular and vocal processes provide attachment for these muscles

Front 13

aditus

Back 13

entry to the larynx from the pharynx above

first space of the larynx or the entryway to the first cavity (the vestibule)

Front 14

ventricular folds

Back 14

aka false vocal folds because they are not used for phonation

made up of a mucous membrane and a fibrous vestibular ligament, not muscular tissue

Front 15

cricothyroid joint

Back 15

junction of the cricoid cartilage and the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage

synovial joints that permit the cricoid and thyroid to rotate and glide relative to each other

rotation of this permits the thyroid cartilage to rock down in front and permits the thyroid to glide forward and backward slightly

Front 16

thyroid angle

Back 16

where the thyroid laminae (2 plates) join in the thyroid cartilage

Front 17

thyroid notch

Back 17

at the superior-most part of the thyroid angle where you can palpate (top of the Adam's apple)

Front 18

hyoid bone

Back 18

forms the union between the tongue and the laryngeal structure

unpaired small bone that articulates loosely with the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage

the only bone of the body that's not attached to another bone

3 elements: corpus (body), convex, concave)

Front 19

cricoarytenoid joint

Back 19

articulation formed between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages

permit rocking, gliding and perhaps minimal rotation

a convex, oblong surface and the axis of motion is around a line projecting back along the superior surface of the arytenoid

Front 20

medial compression

Back 20

degree of force that may be applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact

increase in this is a function of increased force of adduction

vital for vocal intensity change

Front 21

cough

Back 21

response by the tissues of the respiratory passageway to an irritant or foreign object mediated by the visceral (afferent) sensory portion of the X vagus nerve

violent and broadly predictable behavior which includes deep inhalation through widely abducted vocal folds followed by tensing and tight adduction of the vocal folds and elevation of the larynx

Front 22

throat clearing

Back 22

not as violent as a full cough, but stressful

increased respiratory effort countered by tightening of the laryngeal musculature

build pressure in the subglottal region and clamp the vocal folds shut to restrain the pressure

positive in the way that it involves the muscles of adduction for clients who have muscular weakness in the vocal folds

Front 23

abdominal fixation

Back 23

process of capturing air within the thorax to provde the muscles within a structure on which to push or pull

similar to taking a cough: take in inspiratory charge followed by a tight adduction of the vocal folds

adduction

Front 24

adduction

Back 24

bringing together the vocal folds for phonation

Front 25

abduction

Back 25

process of drawing the vocal folds apart to terminate phonation

Front 26

subglottal pressure

Back 26

needs to be relatively constant to produce sustained voicing of given intensity

3-5 cm H20= minimum driving pressure to make vocal folds move
7-10 cm H20= conversational speech
10+ cm H20= loud pressure

increase this pressure by 2 cm h20 to add stress and return within 0.1 seconds

Front 27

vocal attack

Back 27

begins phonation, adduct the vocal folds and move them into the airstream

Front 28

sustained phonation

Back 28

hold the vocal folds in a fixed position in the airstream as the aerodynamics of phonation control the actual vibration

Front 29

termination of phonation

Back 29

third step, we abduct the vocal folds to end phonation

pull the vocal folds out of the airstream far enough to reduce the turbulence using muscular action

both adduction and abduction occur very rapidly

Front 30

hard glottal attack

Back 30

adduction of the vocal folds occurs prior to the airflow, much like a cough

use when a word begins with a stressed vowel

Front 31

ventricular phonation

Back 31

ventricular vocal folds are technically unable to vibrate for voice however, a client would use this as a response to severe vocal fold dysfunction like growths on the folds

client forces the lateral superior walls close together during the adductory movement

may hypertrophy (increase in size)

Front 32

vocal fold nodules

Back 32

aggregates of tissue arising from abuse

makes up a large share of the voice disorder cases seen by school clinicians

results is a sequence of events that can lead to permanent change in vocal fold tissue like laryngitis

untreated nodules may eventually be removed by surgery

Front 33

vocal register

Back 33

differences in the mode of vibration of vocal folds

3 most common: modal register, glottal fry/pulse register & falsetto

Front 34

modal register

Back 34

aka modal phonation

pattern of phonation used in daily conversation

"modal" refers to the resonant mode of vocal cords; that is, the optimal combination of airflow and glottal tension that yields maximum vibration

Front 35

glottal fry

Back 35

aka pulse register

voice is extremely low in pitch and sounds rough

product of complex glottal configuration and occurs in frequencies ranging from as low as 30 Hz to 80 or 90 Hz

requires low subglottal pressure to sustain it and tension of the vocalis is significantly reduced relative to modal vibration so margin is flaccid and thick

Front 36

falsetto

Back 36

highest register of phonation

characterized by a vibratory pattern that varies from modal production

vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin and "reedlike"

tend to vibrate along tensed, bowed margin in contrast to complex patterns with other modes of phonation

300-600 Hz range

Front 37

whispering

Back 37

no voicing occurs, however, arises from tensing the vocal fold margins while holding the folds in a partially adducted position

Front 38

electroglottography (EGG)

Back 38

useful, nonintrusive instrument for the examination of vocal function

surface electrodes are placed on the thyroid lamina, normally by an elastic band

Front 39

laryngeal tension, medial compression and subglottal pressure

Back 39

vocal fold vibration is measured and this is a difference between these three phonatory modes

Front 40

optimal pitch

Back 40

refers to the pitch (frequency) of vocal fold vibration that is optimal or most appropriate for an individual

most efficient for a given pair of vocal folds and is a function of the mass and elasticity of the vocal folds

varies as a function of gender and age

Front 41

habitual pitch

Back 41

frequency of vibration of vocal folds that is habitually used during speech

in ideal condition, would be the same as optimal pitch

Front 42

average fundamental frequency

Back 42

vibration of the vocal folds during phonation may reflect the frequency of vibration of sustained phonation, or another condition like conversational speech

Front 43

pitch range

Back 43

range of fundamental frequency for an individual and is calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies

flexible and capable of approximately two octaves of change

Front 44

opening stage

Back 44

part of the cycle of vibration in which the vocal folds are opening up

Front 45

closing stage

Back 45

part of cycle of vibration where vocal folds are returning to the point of approximation

Front 46

closed stage

Back 46

part of cycle of vibration in which there is no air escaping between the vocal folds

Front 47

frequency perturbation

Back 47

measure of cycle-by-cycle variability in phonation

Front 48

vocal jitter

Back 48

aka perturbation which provides an exquisite index of muscle tone and stability but requires instrumentation for measurement

client sustains a vowel as steadily as possible while it is recorded on a computer and the computer calculates how closely the cycles of vibration correspond to the first cycle

results in percent of perturbation which indicates how perfectly this imperfect system is oscillating

Front 49

percent jitter

Back 49

aka percent of perturbation where if the cycle of vibration varies with an excess of 1-2% it is hoarse

Front 50

shimmer

Back 50

a frequent back and forth change in amplitude (from soft to louder) in the voice

Front 51

maximum phonation time

Back 51

duration an individual is capable of sustaining a phonation

provides an index of phonatory plus respiratory efficiency

Front 52

diadochokinesis

Back 52

alternation of articulators and is the number of productions of a single or multiple syllables an individual produces per second

tool for assessing the articulators and helps assess the coordination of phonatory and articulatory systems

Front 53

suprasegmental elements

Back 53

paramters of speech that are above the segment (phonetic) level

refers to the elements of prosody- system of stress used to vary meaning in speech

prosodic elements include pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration and rhythm

Front 54

intonation

Back 54

changes in pitch during speech whereas stress refers to syllable or word emphasis relative to an entire utterance

Front 55

stress

Back 55

refers to syllable or word emphasis relative to an entire utterance

helps punctuate speech, providing emphasis to syllables or words through both intensity and frequency changes

to increase, we increase fundamental frequency and intensity by increasing subglottal pressure, medial compression and laryngeal tension

Front 56

monopitch

Back 56

unvarying vocal pitch

Front 57

frequency perturbation

Back 57

measure of cycle-by-cycle variability in phonation

Front 58

vocal jitter

Back 58

aka perturbation which provides an exquisite index of muscle tone and stability but requires instrumentation for measurement

client sustains a vowel as steadily as possible while it is recorded on a computer and the computer calculates how closely the cycles of vibration correspond to the first cycle

results in percent of perturbation which indicates how perfectly this imperfect system is oscillating

Front 59

percent jitter

Back 59

aka percent of perturbation where if the cycle of vibration varies with an excess of 1-2% it is hoarse

Front 60

shimmer

Back 60

a frequent back and forth change in amplitude (from soft to louder) in the voice

Front 61

maximum phonation time

Back 61

duration an individual is capable of sustaining a phonation

provides an index of phonatory plus respiratory efficiency

Front 62

diadochokinesis

Back 62

alternation of articulators and is the number of productions of a single or multiple syllables an individual produces per second

tool for assessing the articulators and helps assess the coordination of phonatory and articulatory systems

Front 63

suprasegmental elements

Back 63

paramters of speech that are above the segment (phonetic) level

refers to the elements of prosody- system of stress used to vary meaning in speech

prosodic elements include pitch, intonation, loudness, stress, duration and rhythm

Front 64

intonation

Back 64

changes in pitch during speech whereas stress refers to syllable or word emphasis relative to an entire utterance

Front 65

stress

Back 65

refers to syllable or word emphasis relative to an entire utterance

helps punctuate speech, providing emphasis to syllables or words through both intensity and frequency changes

to increase, we increase fundamental frequency and intensity by increasing subglottal pressure, medial compression and laryngeal tension

Front 66

monopitch

Back 66

unvarying vocal pitch

Front 67

monoloud

Back 67

unvarying vocal loudness

Front 68

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory

Back 68

bernoulli forces (negative pressure) cause the vocal folds to be sucked together, creating a closed airspace below the glottis.

continued air pressure from the lungs builds up underneath the closed folds.

once this pressure becomes high enough, the folds are blown outward, thus opening the glottis and releasing a single 'puff' of air.

Front 69

inertia

Back 69

property of mass dictating that a body in motion tends to stay in motion

Front 70

periodic

Back 70

waveform that repeats itself in a predictable fashion