Cardiology, Pulmonary System, Blood

Front 1

Locate oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat) larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), two bronchi, and bronchioles

Back 1

Front 2

The trachea and bronchi are lined with cartilage. Once the cartliage stops, this extension of the bronchi is called ?

Back 2

Bronchioles

Front 3

Oxygen is transported into the ___ from the bronchioles?

Back 3

alveoli

Front 4

the alveoli allow Oxygen molecules to cross a thin membrane to oxygenate __________

Back 4

To oxygenate the blood from the pulmonary arteries so that the pulmonary veins can feed oxygenate blood back to the heart

Front 5

Breathing:
Upon inhalation or inspiration, the thoracic diaphragm _______ and what happens?

Back 5

the thoracic diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the diaphragm moves
down, the thoracic volume increases, the pressure decreases and air is drawn into the
lungs.

Front 6

experation or exhale is when the muscles _____

Back 6

the muscles relax, the diaphragm moves upwards, the thoracic volume decreases, the thoracic pressure increases and the lungs deflate.

Front 7

oxygen is transported through the alveoli into the blood due to ____

Back 7

Diffusion of gases in the alveoli is aided
by a large surface area (total is 75 square meters!), very thin walls, moist lining and good blood supply.

Front 8

Oxygen within the blood is absorbed by red blood cells because they contain _____

Back 8

Hemoglobin

Front 9

hemoglobin is a _______ that can carry how many oxygen molecules? Why?

Back 9

Heomglobin is a protein made of 4 subunits or amino acid chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) each subunit contains a heme molecule that contains an iron ion which can bind oxygen.
In binding, oxygen temporarily and reversibly oxidizes (Fe2+) to (Fe3+)
therefor, one hemoglobin protein can carry 4 oxygen atoms.

Front 10

what happens to the carbon dioxide?

Back 10

carbon dioxide from respiring cells is carried away as hydrogen carbonate ions and released from the pulmonary artery into the alveoli and we exhale the CO2

Front 11

hemoglobin exhibits cooperative binding. What does that mean?

Back 11

cooperative binding is when one oxygen atom binds to one heme group, then the conformation of the hemoglobin molecule changes so that the other 3 heme groups bind oxygen better and easier

Front 12

allosteric regulation of an enzyme is

Back 12

allosteric regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site (that is, a site other than the protein's active site). Effectors that enhance the protein's activity are referred to as allosteric activators, whereas those that decrease the protein's activity are called allosteric inhibitors.

Front 13

hemoglobin is allosterically binds to ______

Back 13

CO2 and Hydrogen ions. with higher co2 concentration and higher acidity, hemoglobin releases its oxygen

Front 14

a blood type is defined by

Back 14

classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

Front 15

the antibodies associated with the red blood cells are what type of antibody?

Back 15

IgM

Front 16

cellular respiration in the tissues that combines oxygen and glucose to produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy for cellular process and
carbon dioxide as a by-product. what happens when there isn't enough oxygen in the muscles for ATP generation?

Back 16

When the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply
then anaerobic respiration can be used to generate ATP energy; lactic acid (lactic acid = lactate and H+ atoms) is the by-product.

Front 17

describe the flow of blood within the heart... there is a very thorough description for an answer fyi

Back 17

Deoxygenated blood from the venous system reaches the right atrium of the heart from
the body via the inferior and superior vena cava; it passes through the tricuspid valve
(contains three cusps/flaps) into the right ventricle of the heart to be pumped out of the
heart through the pulmonary valve (prevents backflow) via the pulmonary arteries (the
only artery to carry de-oxygenated blood) to the lungs; oxygenated blood leaves the
lungs via the pulmonary veins and reaches the left atrium of the heart, passing through the bicuspid (mitral) valve and into the left ventricle before being pumped out of the heart
through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the body.

Front 18

heart beat is controlled by _____

Back 18

Heart beat: rate controlled by electrical impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node
(pacemaker cells in the wall of the right atrium); atria contract first followed by
the ventricles (impulses from the atrioventricular (AV) node, the bundle of His
(AV bundle) and the Purkinje fibres);

in other words, both atria contract together
followed by both ventricles together a fraction of a second late

Front 19

blood pressure is ____

Back 19

Blood pressure: systolic over diastolic (eg 120/70): systole (heart contracts) and
diastole (heart relaxes); systole + diastole = cardiac cycle (eg 75 cycles/min or one
every 0.8 seconds).

Front 20

cardiac output is

Back 20

Cardiac output (ml/min) = stroke volume (ml) × heart rate (beats per minute).

Front 21

blood is composed of ____

Back 21

Composition: 55% = plasma (of which 90% = water; 7% = proteins); 45% = cells
(99% = red; 1% = white).

Front 22

the functions of the blood are

Back 22

transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products and hormones and clotting factors (plasma);

regulates pH, temperature and osmotic
pressure (plasma proteins);

protects: leucocytes (white blood cells) fight infection;
lymphocytes (two types): helper T-cells that mature in the thymus gland and B-cells that mature in the bone marrow and produce antibodies that respond to antigens
(foreign bodies)