Anatomy Of Heart

Front 1

where is the heart located?

Back 1

in the thoracic cavity within the mediastinum

Front 2

what does the heart allow pulmonary & systemic circulation to do?

Back 2

regulate blood supply

Front 3

What kind of pressure does the heart generate?

Back 3

creates blood pressure

Front 4

about what size is the heart?

Back 4

about the size of a closed fist

Front 5

which side of the heart is larger?

Back 5

left side

Front 6

decribe apex and base-

Back 6

apex= blunt,rounded and base=larger,flat

Front 7

What type blood does the right atrium recieve?

Back 7

carbon dioxide-receives oxygen poor blood

Front 8

what type of blood does the left atrium receive?

Back 8

oxygen rich blood

Front 9

what side of the heart does blood enter and exits?

Back 9

enters through right side of heart-exits through left

Front 10

The heart keeps the blood doing what in one direction?

Back 10

flowing

Front 11

One of the main functions of the heart is to seperate what?

Back 11

oxygen poor blood from oxygen rich blood

Front 12

the pericardial cavity contains what fluid and what does it help prevent?

Back 12

serous fluid-prevents friction when heart beats

Front 13

the pericardium is ?

Back 13

2 layered serous membrane that enclose the heart

Front 14

Visceral pericardium(epicardium) forms what of the heart?

Back 14

the outer surface

Front 15

the myocardium is made up of what muscle and what part of the heart wall?

Back 15

Made up of cardiac muscle and is the thickest part of heart wall

Front 16

endocardium is composed of and what layer of heart is it?

Back 16

composed of simple squamous epithelium and is the inner layer of heart

Front 17

name the chambers of the heart?

Back 17

4 chambers-2 atrium and 2 ventricles

Front 18

what is a sulcus?

Back 18

groove for blood vessels

Front 19

the coronary sulcus seperates what?

Back 19

seperates atrium from ventricle

Front 20

interventricular suicus is a part of the extenal anatomy and what does the 2 (interior and posterior) provide?

Back 20

they provide division between right and left ventricles

Front 21

name the two vena cavas and what are their function?

Back 21

Superior(upper) and inferior(lower)-vessels that empty into right atrium-blood from body

Front 22

when the blood enters atrium through what set of veins- how many?

Back 22

4- pulmonary veins

Front 23

the pulmonary trunk splits into what?

Back 23

splits into right and left pulmonary arteries

Front 24

the pulmonary arteries do what and how many?

Back 24

2- carry blood to lungs

Front 25

the aorta does what?

Back 25

carries blood to body

Front 26

the internal chambers to heart consist of (3)-

Back 26

atria=receives blood, ventricle=dispense blood, interventricular septum=seperates ventricles

Front 27

antrioventricular(AV)valves names are?

Back 27

tricuspid=3 cusps, bicuspid=2 cusps

Front 28

semilunar valves-where are thay located and how many cusps?

Back 28

Aortic and pulmonary and they have 3 cusps

Front 29

the papillary muscles in ventricles are attached by?

Back 29

chordae tendineae

Front 30

what are the chordae tendineae?

Back 30

fibrous chords connected to the tricuspid valve

Front 31

blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the?

Back 31

pulmonary trunk

Front 32

semilunar valves (cusps) when closed and open do what?

Back 32

closed=filled with blood, open=empty

Front 33

av valves(chordae tendineae) when tight=, when slack=?

Back 33

tight=closed, slack=open

Front 34

When the papillary muscle contracts, what happens?

Back 34

chordae tendineae tightens and valve closes.

Front 35

when ventricle contracts what does the blood do?

Back 35

pushes on cusps, av valves in direction of atria

Front 36

which valves are normally open and which are closed?

Back 36

av valves=open,chordae tendineae=closed

Front 37

in a working valve,what is ventricle doing?

Back 37

blood in ventricle-ventricle is relaxed

Front 38

what is the function of coronary circulation?

Back 38

supply cardiac muscle with blood

Front 39

The coronary arteries function is to? how many?

Back 39

supply blood to atria and ventricles, 2 (1left,!right)

Front 40

cardiac veins function?

Back 40

drain blood from cardiac muscle into coronary sinus,which empties right atrium.

Front 41

the cardiac muscle consists of what that is organized into sarcomeres?

Back 41

actin and myosin

Front 42

the intercalated disks in cardiac muscle do?

Back 42

they bind cells to one another so that action potential can be diffused across.

Front 43

name two things that the cardiac muscle requires?

Back 43

atp-energy,requires oxygen-relies on aerobic respiration to make atp

Front 44

when the action potential for cadiac muscle travel to t-tubules, what happens?

Back 44

SR releases calcium which starts contractions by binding to troponin

Front 45

name two characteristics for the cardiac muscle

Back 45

striated and contains many more mitochondria than skeletal muscle

Front 46

name 4 action potentials produced by electrical activity

Back 46

depolarization phase,early repolarization phase,plateau,final repolarization

Front 47

what is produced by changes in plasma membrane permeability?

Back 47

action potentials

Front 48

what causes the change in permeability?

Back 48

the opening and closing of ion channels

Front 49

name 3 ion channels-

Back 49

sodium ion channel,calcium ion channel and potassium ion channel

Front 50

depolarization occurs when what channels does what?

Back 50

sodium and calcium ion channels open and diffuse into cell(changes inside vs. outside)

Front 51

What occurs in early repolarization?

Back 51

sodium channels close and potassium ion channels open

Front 52

what occurs in a plateau?

Back 52

calcium channels open and diffuse into cell,this counteracts potential change produces potassium diffusion

Front 53

after the change in plateau occurs with potassium diffusion what seems to happen?

Back 53

levels out

Front 54

repolarization is when?

Back 54

calcium channels close + increase in potassium channels opened

Front 55

final repolarization in the opening and closing of channels cause what change?

Back 55

plasma membrane permeability that create action potentials

Front 56

autorythymic is when the heart does what?

Back 56

stimulates itself to contract@ regular intervals

Front 57

sinoatrial node is?

Back 57

special cell in right atrium that generate action potentials-responsible for heart rate

Front 58

sinoatrial(sa) is the pacemaker of the heart because?

Back 58

it generates action potentials quicker than any other part of the heart

Front 59

describe what the conducting system does?

Back 59

specialized cardiac muscle cells that stimulate atria & ventricles to contract by sending action p. thru heart

Front 60

in cardiac cycle, what pumps does the heart contain?

Back 60

2 pumps-left and right side, contains primer pump which is the atrium

Front 61

on each pump in heart, it contains a power pump called?

Back 61

ventricles

Front 62

in cardiac cycle, repetitive pumping begins how and ends how?

Back 62

begins with contraction and end with a beginning of new contraction

Front 63

in the atrial and ventricle systole of cardiac cycle they do what?

Back 63

contract

Front 64

in the atrial and ventricle diastole they?

Back 64

relax

Front 65

ventricles produce what (refers to ventricle BP)

Back 65

produce larger force-more muscle than atrium

Front 66

systole & diastole not specified refers to?

Back 66

Ventricle contract & relax

Front 67

Before systole begins name some steps that happen-3

Back 67

aria & ventricles are filled with blood,semilunar valves closed and AV valves open

Front 68

during systole what happens?

Back 68

ventricle contracts,pressure inside increases-AV valves close, semilunar valves open

Front 69

during diastole what happens?

Back 69

Ventricles relax & ventricle pressure decrease,blood flows back to ventricles,SL valve closes,no blood flows back into ventricle

Front 70

what is responsible for the lub and dub noise in the heart beat?

Back 70

systole=lub,diastole=dub

Front 71

aortic pressure is when?

Back 71

the heart contracts pushes blood to aorta, which causes pressure to increase

Front 72

what does the pressure in the aorta at its max represent?

Back 72

systolic pressure (ex. 120 top number in blood pressure)

Front 73

aortic pressure during ventricle diastole does what?

Back 73

decreases and blood flows into vessels

Front 74

aortic pressure at minimum = what?

Back 74

diastolic pressure-bottom number on blood pressure

Front 75

what valves during 1st (lub) noise and 2nd(dub)noise close?

Back 75

1st-lub=av valve close, 2nd-dub=semilunar valve close

Front 76

heart memur is caused by what and what is it?

Back 76

caused by a faulty valve and is an abnormal heart sound

Front 77

an incompetent valve and stenosed are examples of?

Back 77

heart memurs

Front 78

describe incompetent valve

Back 78

it does not close very tight, allows leakage-swish noise

Front 79

what is stenosed?

Back 79

valve opening narrow, rushing noise in heart

Front 80

what does MAP stand for?

Back 80

Mean Atrial Pressure=avg. pressure in aorta

Front 81

to figure out the MAP what do you multiply?

Back 81

cardiac output (CO)x peripheal resistance(PR)

Front 82

define cardiac output

Back 82

amount of blood pumped by heart per minute

Front 83

define peripheal resistance

Back 83

resistance against which blood must be pumped

Front 84

cardiac output=heartrate multiplied by what?

Back 84

stroke volume

Front 85

stroke volume is?

Back 85

volume of blood pumped during each heart beat

Front 86

to get the sum of stroke volume you subtract what?

Back 86

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure=stroke volume

Front 87

to help regulate the heart, what must be maintained?

Back 87

homeostasis

Front 88

when homeostasis occurs in regulating heart what must vary?

Back 88

the amount of blood pumped by heart must vary

Front 89

define intrinsic regulation

Back 89

heart modifies stroke volume by cardiac muscle cells

Front 90

define extrinsic regulation

Back 90

heart modifies stroke volume and heart rate by neural and hormones

Front 91

what makes up peripheal circulation?

Back 91

systemic and pulmonary

Front 92

what function does the systemic and pulmonary perform?

Back 92

carry blood,exchanges; nutrients,waste,gases,ions-transports nutrients and directs blood flow

Front 93

the arteries in peripheal circulation do what?

Back 93

carry blood away from heart

Front 94

name 3 types of arteries

Back 94

elastic,muscular,arterioles

Front 95

from the arterioles blood enters?

Back 95

the capillaries

Front 96

capillaries also do and have what kind of walls?

Back 96

they exchange nutrients,waste etc., have the thinnest walls

Front 97

from the capillaries blood enters where?

Back 97

veins

Front 98

veins function?

Back 98

carry blood to heart

Front 99

vessel layers consist in?

Back 99

veins and arteries only!-not in capillaries

Front 100

tunics=vessel layers,name (3) tunics with brief description?

Back 100

tunica intima=innermost, tunica media=middle,tunica adventica=outer

Front 101

the elastic arteries characteristics are?

Back 101

largest in diameter,thickest walls,made up of elastic tissue and smooth muscle,recoil prevents blood pressure decreasing rapidly

Front 102

muscular arteries characteristics are?

Back 102

medium to small, smooth muscle

Front 103

arterioles characteristics are?

Back 103

smallest, transport blood from small muscular artery into capillaries, controls blood flow in capillaries

Front 104

capillaries consist of?

Back 104

layers of simple squamous epithelium=diffusion process

Front 105

the capillary bed is?

Back 105

network of veins,capillaries arteries enter and capillarlies leave

Front 106

venules are and transport blood from -to?

Back 106

x-small, they transport blood from capillaries to form veins-small veins>medium>large

Front 107

pressure is low when veins?

Back 107

return blood to heart

Front 108

when veins are compared to arteries?

Back 108

walls much thinner and large in diameter

Front 109

3 major comparison examples are?(veins vs. arteries)

Back 109

vasoconstriction,vasodilation,varicose veins

Front 110

what is vasoconstriction?

Back 110

contraction of smooth muscle,w/in vessels, decreases vessel diameter

Front 111

what is vasodilation?

Back 111

relaxation of smooth muscle: increases in diameter

Front 112

varicose veins is and why?

Back 112

permanently dialated veins because valves in veins do not prevent backflow

Front 113

the systemic circulation includes?

Back 113

all other arteries and veins of body

Front 114

where do most arteries derive from?

Back 114

aorta

Front 115

what are the three main portions of the aorta?

Back 115

ascending aorta-leave left ventricle,aortic arch-deliver blood to head and upper limbs,descending aorta-reaches pelvic

Front 116

the aortic arch branches off to 3 arteries?

Back 116

brachiocephalic artery,subclavian artery,common carotoid

Front 117

the descending aorta consists of 2 aorta, what are they?

Back 117

thoracic and abdominal aorta

Front 118

what is an aneurysm?

Back 118

bulge due to weak spot in aorta

Front 119

what is the largest artery in the systemic circulation?

Back 119

aorta

Front 120

what are the major pathways for blood in the systemic circuit?

Back 120

aorta and venae cavae

Front 121

superior and inferior venae cavae are the main what in the systemic circuit?

Back 121

largest veins

Front 122

the superior venae cavae supplies blood to?

Back 122

blood from head and neck and upper limbs

Front 123

the inferior venae cavae supplies blood to?

Back 123

blood from abdomen-pelvis and lower limbs

Front 124

FYI-acquiring meningitis(bacterial) an infection where?

Back 124

within cerebral spinal fluid (delivered to brain)

Front 125

an example of how someone can acquire meningitis and brief description?

Back 125

pimple on nose becomes infected-bacteria transported via facial vein,which joins vein that circulates thru brain

Front 126

special veins include what portal system that carries blood to stomach(digestive organs)?

Back 126

hepatic portal system-carries blood through veins within stomach,intestines,spleen,pancreas,goes to liver

Front 127

portal in the hepatic system means what?

Back 127

begin & end with capillaries with no pumping mechanism between

Front 128

what does the liver do in hepatic portal system?

Back 128

the liver modifies the nutrients

Front 129

what veins join together to make up the hepatic portal system vein?

Back 129

superior mesenteric and the splenic veins

Front 130

the inferior mesenteric vein=,pancreatic vein=,gastric vein=,superior mesenteric= (brief decription)

Back 130

Im=large intestine,pv=pancreas,gv=stomach,sm=small intestine

Front 131

the hepatic veins drain the liver and enter the ?

Back 131

inferior venae cavae(delivers to heart)

Front 132

adequate blood flow maintains homeostasis by?

Back 132

providing tissues with oxygen and nutrients and removal of waste

Front 133

what is the force of blood that is exerted against the walls of vessels, called?

Back 133

blood pressure

Front 134

what is hydrostatic pressure? give an example

Back 134

pressure produced by gravity-stand up to fast after laying down

Front 135

why does this example of standing up to fast after laying down cause the blood pressure to drop?

Back 135

it equals pressure from heart +hydrostatic pressure which cause the bp to drop

Front 136

in the capillary exchange it is movement of and allows for cells to?

Back 136

movement of substances between capillaries & interstitial fluid(fluid b/t cells)aloows cells to recieve nutrients they need

Front 137

under capillary exchange-passage through cells can be achieved by?

Back 137

cross plasma membrane, diffusion,osmosis and filtration(kidneys)

Front 138

nutrients ,oxygen, hormones diffuse from what concentration to?

Back 138

higher within capillaries to lower concentration,within interstitial fluid( from capillaries goes to i-fluid)

Front 139

in arteries, the thoracic aorta=, and the abdominal aorta=.LOCATION

Back 139

thoracic aorta= above diaphragm,abdominal aorta=runs thru center of body

Front 140

the hepatic portal system is made up of only and contains no?

Back 140

VEINS=abdominal arteries, and no pumping mechanism

Front 141

lymphatic system function in capillary exchange?

Back 141

moves fluid out of tissues and controls amount obtain (adema)

Front 142

filtration moves materials ? osmosis moves materials ?

Back 142

filtration=moves out, osmosis=material moves in

Front 143

waste (carbon dioxide) is diffused from within what fluid within where?

Back 143

diffuse from higher concentration w/in interstitial fluid to lower w/in capillaries

Front 144

the higher number in blood pressure is called and where is pressure recorded?

Back 144

systolic- pressure is recorded when the left ventricle contracts

Front 145

the lower number in blood pressure is called what and where is it recorded?

Back 145

diastolic pressure-pressure recorded when the left ventricle relaxes

Front 146

hypertension is and what levels are the systolic and diastloic?

Back 146

high blood pressure-the systolic pressure is 140 or greater and the diastolic is 90 or greater