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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 types of organelles
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Nonmembranous
Membranous |
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Types of Nonmembranous organelles
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Cytoskeleton
Microvilli Centrioles Cilia Ribosomes Proteasomes Membranous |
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Types of Membranous Organelles
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Nucleus |
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2 parts of Cell Division
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Interphase
Mitosis and cytokinesis p. 55 of lab |
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Interphase Steps
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G0
G1 S G2 |
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G0
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specialized cell functions
Indefinite period of time After Mitosis, before G1 |
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G1
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8 hours
Normal cell functions duplication of organelles protein synthesis |
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S
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6-8 hours
DNA replication synthesis of histones |
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G2
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2-5 hours
Protein synthesis |
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MITOSIS & CYTOKINESIS
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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Prophase
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two copies of each chromosome exist
individual copy = chromatid connected by centromere Nucleoli disappears |
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Metaphase
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chromatids move to narrow central zone called metaphase plate
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Anaphase
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Centromere of each chromatid pair splits and chromatids separate
Two daughter chromosomes are now pulled toward opposite ends of the cell along the chomosomal microtubules |
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Telophase
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Cell splits two two cells
Each new cell prepares to return to interphase state |
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Cytokinesis
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division into daughter cells
Encompasses BOTH anaphase and telophase |
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4 types of body membranes (classified by location)
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Mucus
Serous Cutaneous Synovial |
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Mucus membranes
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occur at opening to external environment
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Serous membranes
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covers organs in ventral body cavity
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Cutaneous membranes
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the skin
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Synovial membranes
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no epithelium; lines movable joints
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Mucus membranes found in
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digestive
respiratory urinary reproductive systems |
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mucus membranes have ____ cells
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goblet cells that produce mucin, salt, water, WBCs
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Serous membrane made of 2 layers
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Visceral layer (in contact w/ organ)
Parietal layer (in contact w/ wall of cavity) |
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Serous fluid produced by
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mesothelium
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3 types of serous membranes
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pericardium (heart)
pleurae (lungs) peritoneum (abdominal organs) |
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Cutaneous membrane made of what type of epithelium
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stratified squamous epithelium
keratinization occurs here |
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Anatomy is study or
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body structures "to cut"
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gross anatomy is study of
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large parts
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Microanatomy is study of
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microscopic structures
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Cytology is study of
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cells
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Histology is study of
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tissues and groups of cells
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Physiology is study of
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function or organs and organ systems
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Homeostasis is
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maintenance of relatively stable internal environment
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Levels of Organization Hierarchy
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AMCTOO
Atomic Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ Organism |
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What is anatomical position?
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individual standing-erect
feet-pointed forward eyes-straight ahead palms-facing forward arms-at sides |
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What is supine?
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lying on back in anatomical position
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What is prone?
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lying face down in anatomical position?
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Anterior
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Front side
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Ventral
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Belly (4 legged critters)
kind of substitute for anterior |
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Posterior
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Back side
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Dorsal
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Back side (4 legged critters)
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Cranial/Cephalic
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Head area
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Superior
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Above
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Inferior
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Below
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Medial
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Toward center of longitudinal axis
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Lateral
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Away from longitudinal axis
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Proimal
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Toward attached bone (shoulder for arm)
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Distal
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Away from Attached bone (hand for arm)
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Superficial
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at or near surface
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Deep
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Away from surface
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Planes of Sections
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Transverse/horizontal
Sagittal Frontal/coronal |
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Transverse/Horizontal plane
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separates body into superior and inferior
cuts body in half at waist like a "belt" |
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Sagittal plane
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Extends from front to back
separates body into left and right portions (a vertical line straight between the eyes down to groin) |
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midsagittal plane
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perfect cut down the center
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parasagittal plane
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separates left and right halves of body but a place off center
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Frontal/Coronal Plane
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extends side to side
through shoulder to shoulder Separates body into anterior and posterior |
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Cephalon
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Head
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Cervicis
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Neck
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Thoracis
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Thorax/chest
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Brachium
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Arm
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Antebrachium
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Forearm
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Carpus
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Wrist
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Manus
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Hand
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Abdomen
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Abdomen
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Lumbus
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Loin
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Gluteus
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Buttocks
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Pubis
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Anterior Pelvis
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Inguen
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Groin
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Femur
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Thigh
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Crus
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Anterior leg
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Sura
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Calf
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Tarsus
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Ankle
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Pes
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Foot
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Planta
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Sole
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4 Abdominopelvic quadrants
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RUQ - right upper
LUQ - left upper RLQ - right lower LLQ - left lower |
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RUQ
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right lobe of liver
GALLBLADDER Right kidney portions of stomach, large and small intestine |
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LUQ
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Left lobe of liber
stomach PANCREAS left kidney SPLEEN portions of large intestine |
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RLQ
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CECUM
APPENDIX R Reproductive organs and ureter |
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LLQ
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MOST OF SMALL INTESTINE
portions of large intestine L reproductive organs and ureter |
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Upper Regions of 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
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R & L= Hypochondriac region
Center = Epigastric region |
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Middle Areas of 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
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R & L = Lumbar region
Center = Umbilical region |
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Lower Areas of 9 Abdominopelvic Regions
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R & L = Inguinal region
Center = Hypogastric (pubic) region |
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2 functions of body cavities
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protect organs from shock
allow changes in size and shape |
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Types of Body Cavities
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Ventral/Coelom
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Function of Ventral/Coelom body cavity
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provides protection
allows organ movement lining prevents friction |
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Organ systems found in Ventral Cavity
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Respiratory
cardiovascular digestive urinary reproductive |
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2 subareas of Ventral/Coelom Cavity
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Thoracic Cavity (superior)
Abdominopelvic cavity (inferior) |
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2 subareas of central cavity are separated by WHAT
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diaphgram
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Viscera
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organs enclosed by cavities
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Serous membranes
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lines walls of internal cavities and covers surfaces of enclosed viscera
double layered |
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Outer layer of serous membrane
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parietal layer
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Inner layer of serous membrane covering organs
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visceral layer
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Thoracic Cavity (superior part of Ventral cavity contains what organs
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lungs
heart respiratory cardiovascular lymphoid systems inferior esophagus thymus |
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Boundaries of Thoracic Cavity
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Muscles and bones of chest wall
diaphgram |
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Thoracic Cavity is subdivided into what 2 cavities
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L & R Pleural cavities
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Serous membranes inside a pleural cavity are called _____
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pleura
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Mediastinum
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area inbetween L & R Pleural Cavity
small chamber that surrounds the heart mass of connective tissue that surrounds and stabilizes the esophagus, trachea, and thymus and major blood vessels that originate or end at the heart |
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Serous membrane that lines the heart is called _____
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pericardium
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Abdominopelvic Cavity (Inferior part of Ventral Cavity) found from
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diaphgram to pelvis
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2 subareas of abdominopelvic cavity
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superior abdominal cavity
inferior pelvic cavity |
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Abdominal cavity contains
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peritoneal cavity, liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of large intestine
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Retroperitoneal***
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kidney and pancreas lie between peritoneal lining and muscular wall of abdominal cavity - "float there"
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Pelvic cavity contains
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distal portion of large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, inferior portion of peritoneal cavity
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