Anatomy Of Articulation And Resonance

Front 1

What does Articulation of speech involve?

Back 1

•Involves the vocal tract
•In combination with respiration and phonation

Front 2

What does swallowing involve?

Back 2

–Swallowing
•Involves the vocal tract and digestive tract
•In combination with respiration

Front 3

Craniofacial disorders are what?

Back 3

•Structural abnormalities in the skull/face

Front 4

What are the structures in the production in speech?

Back 4

–Lungs (respiration)
–Larynx (phonation)
–Vocal tract (articulation)
•Pharynx
•Oral cavity
•Nasal cavity
 

Front 5

Source filter theory-what does this theory involve?

Back 5

•Basic theory of speech sound production
–A sound source is created by constricting the expiratory air flow from the lungs
•Can occur at the larynx (phonation)
•Can occur in the mouth (stop burst/frication)
–The sound source is modified by the vocal tract, which acts as a sound filter
•Size/shape of the vocal configuration determines how the sound is shaped
•Large = low frequency, small = high frequency
 

Front 6

Articulators -what are the mobile articulators?

Back 6

•Mobile/active
–Tongue
•Tip, blade, dorsum, root
•Epiglottis
–Jaw (mandible)
–Velum (soft palate)
–Lips/cheeks
–Larynx/hyoid bone
 

Front 7

Articulators- what are the immobile articulators?

Back 7

•Immobile/passive
–Alveolar ridge
–Hard palate
–Teeth
–Posterior pharyngeal wall

Front 8

What are the bones of the face?

Back 8

•Mandible (jaw)
•Maxillae (upper jaw, side of nose, and under eyes)
•Nasal bone (top of nose)
•Palatine bone (hard palate and lateral sides of nasal cavity)
•Vomer (part of midline of nasal cavity)
•Zygomatic bone (cheek and side of eyes)
 

Front 9

Mandible

Back 9

•U-shaped
•Fused from two separate bones in infancy
–Midline fusion is the mental symphasis
–On each side is a mental prominence/tubercle
•Main body is the corpus
–Thicker at the bottom
–Thinner at the top (alveolar arch) where it holds lower teeth (within the dental alveoli)
–Interior midline margin is the mylohyoid line

Front 10

Where is the mandible located?

Back 10

•Posterior jaw ends at the angle, where the bone angles sharply upward
•Ramus rises from each side to articulate with the skull
–Ramus separates at mandibular notch
–Condylar process is posterior, rounded
–Coronoid process is anterior, blade-like

Front 11

Maxilla-tell me all about It?

Back 11

•Externally visible in upper jaw, surrounding nose, and below eye
–Frontal process articulates with frontal bone of the skull and nasal bone
–Infraorbital margin is the medial and inferior border of the eye
–Zygomatic process articulates with the zygomatic bone
–Alveolar process holds upper teeth
–Maxillae joined at anterior nasal spine

Front 12

Maxilla also forms what?

Back 12

•Also forms most of the hard palate
–Called the palatine process
–Joined midline at intermaxillary suture
–Posterior border joins with palatine bone at the transverse palatine suture
–Most anterior part of maxillae develops from separate premaxillae, fused to palatine process at the premaxillary suture

Front 13

Cleft lip and cleft palate what is it, what is it and where is it located?

Back 13

•Incomplete fusion of developmentally separate portions of the lip and/or palate
–Cleft palate occurs along the intermaxillary suture, when the tongue fails to descend during development
–Cleft lip usually found at the premaxillary suture, when tissues fail to fuse
–Cleft lip may also be accompanied by a partial cleft of the palate on the same suture

Front 14

Nasal bones
Where are they located?

Back 14

•Bridge of the nose
•Superior connection to frontal bone
•Lateral connection to frontal process of the maxillae
•Posterior connections to the ethmoid bone and nasal septum (cartilage)

Front 15

Palatine bones

Back 15

•Surround the posterior part of the nasal cavity, like an extension of the maxillae
•Horizontal plate is posterior hard palate
–Joined midline at posterior nasal spine
•Perpendicular plate forms the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity
•Superior articulation with the occipital bone at the orbital process, and the sphenoid bone at the sphenoid process

Front 16

Vomer

Back 16

•Makes up the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum
•Midline bone that divides the nasal cavity into two halves
•Posterior articulation with the rostrum of the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
•Inferior articulation with the maxilla and palatine bones of the hard palate

Front 17

Zygomatic bone

Back 17

•Underlies the prominence of the cheeks
•Posterior border of the eye socket is the orbital margin
•Articulates with the maxilla, temporal bone, and frontal bone, with each border called a process
•Posterior temporal process forms part of the zygomatic arch, which passes above the coronoid process of the mandible

Front 18

Bones of the Cranial Skeleton

Back 18

•Create the cranial cavity, surrounding the cerebrum (majority of the brain)
–Ethmoid (upper posterior nasal cavity)
–Sphenoid (superior nasal cavity)
–Frontal (front of the skull)
–Parietal (upper sides and top of the skull)
–Occipital (rear of the skull)
–Temporal (lower sides of the skull)

Front 19

Ethmoid bone

Back 19

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Ethmoid bone
•Perpendicular plate is the upper portion of the nasal septum
•Cribiform plate is the upper wall of the nasal cavity
•Orbital plate is lateral, articulating with the frontal bone and maxilla
•Hanging down from the cribiform plate and medial to the orbital plate are the superior and middle nasal concha
–Form cavities for the turbinates and mucous membranes of the nasal cavity
–Function is to warm air for respiration

Front 20

Sphenoid bone

Back 20

•Located in the very center of the head
•Center is the corpus that contains several sphenoid sinuses, and articulates posteriorly with the occipital bone
•Greater wings extend laterally and anteriorly to articulate with the frontal and temporal bones and form part of skull
•Lesser wings extend superiorly and laterally to form channels for optic nerves

Front 21

Sphenoid bone where is it located?

Back 21

•Rostrum projects anteriorly, inferiorly, and medially from the corpus to articulate with the vomer and palatine bones
•Lateral and medial pterygoid plates extend inferiorly from the greater wings, and provide a point of attachment for the medial pterygoid muscle, which raises the jaw

Front 22

Frontal bone

Back 22

•Rostrum projects anteriorly, inferiorly, and medially from the corpus to articulate with the vomer and palatine bones
•Lateral and medial pterygoid plates extend inferiorly from the greater wings, and provide a point of attachment for the medial pterygoid muscle, which raises the jaw

Front 23

Pariental bones

Back 23

•Top and upper sides of the skull
•Joined at the midline at the saggital suture
•Joined posteriorly with the occipital bone at the lamboidal suture
•Joined laterally with the temporal bones at the squamosal suture (aka parietomastoid suture)

Front 24

Occipital bone

Back 24

•Forms the posterior and inferior wall of the skull
•Has an anterior hole called the foramen magnum that the spinal cord passes through
•Condyles at the anterior lateral margin of the foramen magnum articulate with C1
•Articulates with the temporal bones at the occipitomastoid suture

Front 25

Temporal bone

Back 25

•Inferior sides of the skull
•Squamous portion is a thin fan that articulates with the parietal bone (squamosal/parietomastoid suture)
•Thicker mastoid portion articulates with the occipital bone (occipitomastoid suture)
•Tympanic and petrous portions house the external auditory meatus, cochlea, and semicircular canals

Front 26

More about the temporal bones

Back 26

•Zygomatic process arises anteriorly from the squamous portion to create the zygomatic arch (with the zygomatic bone)
•The mastoid process arises from the mastoid portion just posterior and inferior to the ear to articulate with the mandible
•Styloid process extends inferiorly and provides a point of attachment for the stylohyoid muscle, among others

Front 27

Dentition (aka Teeth) what is their role in speech?

Back 27

–Crucial for eating and swallowing
–A passive articulator in speech, too
–Easy to observe, and abnormalities may be associated with craniofacial disorders

Front 28

Where are the dentition located?

Back 28

Housed in the dental alveoli of the mandible and maxilla, forming lower and upper arches

Front 29

What are the types of dentitions? ( teeth)

Back 29

•Four types (medial to lateral): incisors,  cuspid, bicuspids, and molars

Front 30

Anatomy of the tooth
What is the structure also?

Back 30

•Root – beneath the gum line
•Crown – visible above the gum line
•Tooth structure: Covered in enamel, over layer of dentin, which contains the pulp, which contains the nerve
•Root of tooth is surrounded by the periodontal ligament, and held to it by a thin layer of bone called cementum

Front 31

Development of Dentition

Back 31

•Deciduous teeth (each quadrant)
–First teeth are two incisors
–Then a molar
–Cuspid
–Another molar
•Permanent teeth
–Successional replacements for deciduous
–Superadded teeth (two bicuspids by early teens and another molar ‘wisdom tooth’)

Front 32

Occlusion

Back 32

–Bringing teeth into contact
–Normally have a slight overbite (upper teeth slightly anterior to lower teeth)
–Malocclusion may involve either a more severe overbite, or an underbite
–Malocclusion may be the result of craniofacial abnormality
–For example, micrognathia or macrognathia (extremely small or large mandible in comparison to the maxilla)

Front 33

Individual teeth may also be misaligned secondary to craniofacial abnormality - what are the different kinds?

Back 33

–Torsiversion: twisted
–Labioversion: leans toward lips
–Linguaversion: leans toward tongue
–Distoversion: leans away from midline
–Mesioversion: leans toward midline
–Infraversion: protrudes insufficiently
–Supraversion: protrudes too much

Front 34

Cavities of the Vocal Tract
Oral

Back 34

•Oral Cavity – lips to anterior faucial pillars

Front 35

Cavities of the vocal tract
Buccal

Back 35

•Buccal Cavities – sides between teeth and cheeks

Front 36

Cavities of the vocal tract
Pharyngeal

Back 36

Pharyngeal Cavity – from anterior faucial pillars and velum to larynx

Front 37

Cavities of the vocal tract
Nasal

Back 37

•Nasal Cavities – from nares to velum, divided into halves by a variety of bones and cartilage (nasal septum)

Front 38

Oral cavity

Back 38

•Front is the lips
•Sides are the teeth
•Back is the anterior faucial pillars (which cover the palatoglossus m.)
•Top is the hard palate
•Bottom is the tongue

Front 39

Hard palate (oral side)

Back 39

•Anterior is the alveolar ridge
–Ripples on alveolar ridge called rugae
•Divided in two by the median raphe
•Tissue covering the hard palate thinnest at the front (~1mm) and thickest at the back (~4mm)
•Tissue continues posterior as soft palate

Front 40

Oropharynx

Back 40

–From posterior faucial pillars (overlies palatopharyngeus m.) to laryngopharynx
–Bordered on the front by the tongue

Front 41

Nasopharynx

Back 41

–Space above the velum
–From velum to the nasal cavity

Front 42

Laryngopharynx

Back 42

–Space just above the larynx, behind epiglottis
–Hyoid bone to aditus

Front 43

Nasal cavities

Back 43

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Nasal cavities
•Bordered below by the hard palate
•At the front by the nares
•At the back enters the nasopharynx via the channels through the concha
•Center division by the nasal septum, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid
•Outer sides are orbital plates of ethmoid, perpendicular plates of palatal, maxillae
•Nasal cavities lined by ciliated mucous membranes to trap particles and warm air