Anatomy Muscle Weakness Back

Front 1

vascular bone located in the vertebral body

Back 1

trabecular (spongy cancellous), its enclosed by a thin layer of compact bone

Front 2

formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches

Back 2

intervertebral foramina

Front 3

describe C vertebrae

Back 3

smaller, large triangular vertebral foramen, transverse foramina absent in C7, articular facets are nearly horizontal, short and bifid

Front 4

List the special characteristics of C vertebrae

Back 4

C1 - atlas, lateral masses instead of body,no spinous process's, occipital condyles rest in articular surfaces, posterior arch has groove for vertebral artery/C1 nerve
C2 - Axis dens(odontoid process)

C6 - carotid tubercles, carotid artery may be compressed here b/w the tubercle and body

C7 - vertebra prominens, spinous long and not bifid

Front 5

what is the dens held by?

Back 5

the transverse ligament of atlas

Front 6

what is the characteristic feature of thoracic vertebrae

Back 6

costal facets for articulation with ribs

Front 7

describe thoracis vertebrae

Back 7

heart shaped body, circular vertebral foramen, more vertical articular processes, spinous processes point down

rotation

Front 8

T12

Back 8

the most commonly fractured vertebrae, subject to transitional stresses

Front 9

what is the largest moveable vertebrae

Back 9

L5

Front 10

narrow vertebral foramin

Back 10

lumbar spinal stenosis

Front 11

what holds the cauda equina (bone), where does the equina start

Back 11

sacral canal, cauda equina arises inferior to L1 vertebrae

Front 12

important sacral obstetrical landmark

Back 12

sacral promonotory, anterior projecting edge of the bodu of S1

Front 13

Sacral crests

Back 13

median crest - fusion of the spinous processes,
intermediate crest - fused articular processes
lateral crest - fusion of the transverse processes

Front 14

sacral hiatus

Back 14

results from absence of laminae and spinous process of S5, leads into the sacral canal,
marked by the sacral cornua

Front 15

what type of joints are the joints of the vertebral bodies?

Back 15

symphyses (secondary cartilaginous) weight bearing and strength

Front 16

Describe IV discs

Back 16

anulus fibrosus, concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage and nucleus pulposus, avascular

Front 17

what vertebral junction is lacking a IV disc

Back 17

C1 and C2

Front 18

where is the most inferior functional IV disc?

Back 18

L5 and S1

Front 19

what special joints are located in C3-C6?

Back 19

uncovertebral joints (lateral and posterio margins of the IV disc) join the uncinate process

Front 20

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?

Back 20

pelvic surface of sacrum to the anterior tubercle of C1, LIMITS EXTENSION

Front 21

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 21

thinner, weakly resists hyperflexion, prevents redirects posterior herniation of nucleus pulposus

Front 22

Connects laminae

Back 22

ligamenta flava

Front 23

connects tips of spinous process
- where does it connect

Back 23

supraspinous
from c7 to sacrum, merges superiorily with the nuchal ligament

Front 24

connects the rest of the spineous process

Back 24

interspinous

Front 25

zygapophysial joints are innervated by?

Back 25

medial branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves, each joint is supplied by two nerves,
resists separation of vertebral lamina by arresting abbrupt flexion of the vertebral column

Front 26

connects adjacent transverse processes

Back 26

intertransverse ligaments

Front 27

What are the superficial muscles

Back 27

TRapezius - cranial nerve 11
Latissimus
Levator scalpulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
everything else innervated by brachial plexus

Front 28

intermediate group muscles

Back 28

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

Front 29

four subgroups of the deep muscles

Back 29

splenius
erector
transversospinalis
segmental

Front 30

Splenius
muscles - ?
action - ?

Back 30

splenius capitus and splenius cervicis, variably fused with one another

unilateral action: ipsilateral rotation of head and neck
bilateral: extension of head and neck

Front 31

Erector spinae group

muscles
action

Back 31

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

actions: extensors of the back erect posture
unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column and head
bilateral:extension of vertebral column

Front 32

Transversospinalis group

muscles
action

Back 32

transvers processes to superior spinous processes

semispinalis (superficial, 4-6 vertebrae, origin: transverse processs of C4-T12))

multifidus (2-4 vertebrae,origin: posterior sacrum/iliac spine, aponeurosis of erector spinae, transverse processes T1-T3 articular processes of C4 to C7)

rotatores(deep, 1-2 vertebrae, origin: transverse processes of vertebrae)

actions
unilateral: lateral flexion or contralateral rotation (semispinalis, rotatores)

bilateral: extension of vertebral column or head(semispinalis, rotatores)

multifidus: stabalizes

Front 33

Segmental

muscles
action

Back 33

between adjacent vertebrae

interspinalis (extend vertebral column)
intertransversarii(lateral flexion)

Front 34

SEE PAGE 98!

Back 34

page 98 I say

Front 35

IV discs, ligaments, most bone (periosteum), and coverings of the spinal cord are innervated by?

Back 35

reccurent meningeal branches of spinal nerves

Front 36

describe the coverings(meninges) of the spinal cord

Back 36

pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

Front 37

what are intrinsic back muscles innervated by?

Back 37

posterior rami of spinal nerves

posture

Front 38

list the muscles of the suboccipital region

Back 38

rectus capitus posterior major/minor

obliquus capitis superior/inferior

Front 39

what are the muscles of the subocciptial region innervated by

Back 39

dorsal ramus of C1
suboccipital nerve

Front 40

which of the muscles of the suboccipital region does not attach to the skull

Back 40

obliquus capitus inferior

Front 41

where do the muscles of the suboccipital region attach?

Back 41

Transverse process C1 – obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior
Spinous process C2 – rectus capitus posterior major, obliquus capitus inferior
Posterior tubercle C1 – rectus capitus posterior minor
Occipital bone of skull

Front 42

what are the actions of the suboccipital muscles

Back 42

bilateral: extension
unilateral:
lateral flexion: obliquus capitis superior
ipsilateral rotation: all others

Front 43

contents of the suboccipital triangle

Back 43

vertebral artery
suboccipital nerve
greater occipital nerve - closley related to the triangle, dorsal ramus of C2, passes inferior to the obliquus capitis inferior, ascends to become cutaneous to part of the posterior scalp

Front 44

where does adult vs infant spinal cord end?
where does adult subarachnoid end?

Back 44

adults spinal cord ends l1 l2
infants l2 l3
adults subarachnoid S2