Anatomy Module 5

Front 1

Which enzyme is used to build RNA

Back 1

RNA Polymerase

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Transcription

Back 2

Makes RNA

Front 3

Translation

Back 3

Makes Protein

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Promoter

Back 4

Site where RNA synthesis is started

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Terminator

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Site where RNA synthesis is stopped

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Intron

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Intervening region of DNA (Not made into protein)

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Exon

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Expressed region of DNA (made into protein)

Front 8

Protein Synthesis

Back 8

Translation

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Codon

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a sequence of mRNA bases that codes for a protein

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Anticodon

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the complementary sequence of tRNA bases

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AUG

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Met

Front 12

Stop Codons

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UAA, UGA, UAG

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Silent Mutation

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Change Code, Doesn't change Protein

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missense mutation

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Change one amino acid to another

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nonsense mutation

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change codon that codes for an amino acid to a stop codon - abnormally short

Front 16

Point Mutations

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Silent, Missense, Nonsense

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Deletion

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Frameshift Mutation

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Gene Polymorphism

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A change in the sequence of DNA which then results in a change in the sequence of mRNA

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Constant cell division

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Skin, Bone Marrow, Intestinal Lining

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No Cell Division

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Muscle, Heart Muscle, Brain

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Mitosis phases

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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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G1

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cell metabolically active, duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; centrosme replication begins (8-10 hours)

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S phase

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DNA replicated (8 hours)

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G2

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Cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins are synthesized; centrosome replication completed (4-6 hours)

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G0

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exit from cell cycle (nondividing cell)

Front 26

How many chromosomes does a person have

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23 pairs - 46

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S phase

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46 chromosomes to 92 chromosomes

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Prophase

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First Phase of Mitosis

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Prophase

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DNA tightly packed into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, formation of mitotic spindle (will be used to move chromosomes)

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Metaphase

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Middle phase of mitosis

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Metaphase

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Everything moves to the middle, chromosomes lined up in the middle, mitotic spindle attaches to the middle of each chromosome

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Karyotype

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an ordered display of chromosomes - arranged in order of decreasing size

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Anaphase

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Backward phase of mitosis

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Anaphase

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Chromasomes torn apart by tugging forces of mitotic spindle

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Telophase

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End phase of mitosis

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Telophase

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two cells forming, cleavage furrow divides cells as cytokinesis occurs, two nuclear envelopes reform, mitotic spindle dissembles

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Meiosis

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Cell Division in Germ Cells

Front 38

Meiosis Goals

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Scramble DNA, Half the DNA

Front 39

Crossing Over

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Non-Sister Chromatids swap analagous genetic material (same amount, different composition)

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Mitosis

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creates two daughter cells that are identical to the "parent"

Front 41

Meiosis

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halves DNA content in Meiosis I and then Meiosis II resembles Mitosis - just no doubling DNA

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Mitosis

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Division of Somatic Cells - 23 pairs to 23 pairs

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Meiosis

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Division of germ Cells (Gametes) - just 23 chromosomes

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Dominant Alleles

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Those where inheriting one copy will give you a condition or disease

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Recessive Alleles

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Those where inheriting one copy makes you a carrier - and inheriting two copies gives you a condition or disease

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Alleles

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Matching genes from Mom and Dad

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Punnett Squares

Back 47

used to analyze Mendelian Genetics

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Functions of Nucleus

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Storage of Cell's Genetic Material, Synthesis of Protein Coding Material

Front 49

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

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DNA makes RNA makes Protein

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Transcription

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Takes place in Nucleus

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Translation

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Takes place in Cytoplasm

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DNA Structure

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Two antiparallel strands, 5 prime to 3 prime direction

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mRNA

Back 53

very unstable, allows for transcriptional control of protein production, carries the coded message

Front 54

tRNA

Back 54

stable, "trucks" to bring amino acids to the growing protein strand

Front 55

rRNA

Back 55

stable, with proteins, forms ribosomes (protein factories); small and large subunits

Front 56

how does RNA leave nucleus?

Back 56

through nuclear pores

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Reverse Transcription

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from RNA to DNA - Viruses (retroviruses)

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Transcriptional Control

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Messages are destroyed immediately after they are used, allowing cell to change protein composition dynamically by changing how much message is made

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rRNA

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complexes with proteins to form the ribosomes

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mRNA

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on ribosomes message is read and proteins are assembled

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tRNA

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molecules carry amino acids to the ribosomes to be incorporated into proteins

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Gene

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Segment of DNA that codes for a protein

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mRNA

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carries the code for a primary sequence of amino acids in protein

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RNA Polymerase

Back 64

enzyme which makes RNA from DNA template

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Promoter

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Site where RNA synthesis is started

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Terminator

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site where RNA synthesis is stopped

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Transcription

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makes RNA - "first draft" RNA is direct copy of DNA, edited down version is final version

Front 68

Introns

Back 68

parts of DNA that are sliced out to create RNA

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Exons

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Parts of DNA that are stitched together to form RNA

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Spliceosome

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organelle made up of several small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) puts together exons to form RNA

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Lariat

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loop of intron that is cut out

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snRNP

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RNA editor

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Thalassemias

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diseases result from abnormal transcription and/or translation of alpha and beta-globin genes

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mRNA

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take message from DNA to ribosome

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rRNA

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make ribosomes

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tRNA

Back 76

transfer amino acids

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translation

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changes nucleic acid "language" (mRNA) to amino acid "language" (protein)

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Ribosome

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Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins

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mRNA translated to Protein

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mRNA polymer coded message containing A, C, G, U monomers. Protein polymer is the product of translation: 20 different types of amino acids strung together in a specific order to make up protein's primary structure

Front 80

Translation Steps

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Ribosome finds Start, Ribosome reads along mRNA and decodes mRNA to make polypeptide, Ribosome finds Stop, Ribosome disassembles and translation stops

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Codon

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Sequence of mRNA bases that codes for a protein

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Anticodon

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Complementary sequence of tRNA bases that match up with mRNA bases to code for amino acid

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mRNA translation steps

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1. Ribosome attaches to mRNA, 2. AUG start codon matches up to tRNA-methionine 3. tRNA-amino acid arrives 4. peptide bond forms 5. Ribosome shifts three mRNA bases - met-tRNA released, open spot occupied by new amino acid tRNA, 6. polypeptide chain grows 7. Ribosome reaches Stop codon; polypeptide released.

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Genetic Code

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Three-base sequence representing each amino acid

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Gene Polymorphism

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a change in the sequence of DNA which changes the mRNA made from the coding strand

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Mutations

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noticeable changes in an organism caused by polymorphisms

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Sickle Cell Anemia

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disease caused by a Point mutation in DNA. Only one base and therefore one codon is altered. GAG mutated to GTC in DNA amino acid changed from Glutamate to Valine - hemoglobin completely changed.

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Chromatin

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DNA Strand

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Chromosomes

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Visible packaging of DNA and histones into X-shaped structures

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Chromatids

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Two identical halves of the chromosome, joined at centromere

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Interphase

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Period between cell divisions; chromosomes not visible under light microscope

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G1 Phase

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Metabolically active cell duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; replication of chromosomes begins (cells that remain in the G1 phase for a very long time, and possibly never divide again, are said to be in the G0 phase)

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S Phase

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Replication of DNA and centrosomes

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G2 Phase

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Cell Growth, enzyme and proteins synthesis continues; replication of centrosomes complete

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Mitotic Phase

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Parent cell produces identical cells with identical chromosomes; chromosomes visible under light microscope

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Mitosis

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Nuclear division; distribution of two sets of chromosomes into separate nuclei

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Prophase

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Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear; each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell

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Metaphase

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Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate

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Anaphase

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Centromeres split; identical sets of chromosomesmove to opposite poles of cell

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Telophase

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Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; chromosomes resume chromatin form; mitotic spindle disappears

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Cytokinesis

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Cytoplasmic Division; contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portions

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Process of Cell division

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Called Mitosis of M Phase

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Cell Cycle

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Series of steps cells which are dividing go through

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3

Back 104

minimum number of bases that can code for 20 amino acids

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Quiescent

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resting state of cells

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G2

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also called second growth or gap phase

Front 107

DNA Replication

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DNA strands separated, two new DNA strands constructed using original strands as templates, same base-pairing rules allow new strands to be made with exact fidelity

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Okazaki Fragments

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short segments of DNA that are stitched together on lagging strand

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Haploid

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carry only one copy of each chromosome (1/2 DNA)

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diploid

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carry two copies of each chromosome(whole DNA)

Front 111

Meiosis I

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reduction division, DNA content of each daughter cell is halved, crossing over - non-sister chromatids swap genetic material

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Meiosis II

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Resembles Mitosis