Anatomy Midterm Questions

Front 1

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

Back 1

sternal head- ant surface of manubrium
Clavicular- superior surface of medial 3rd of clavicle

Front 2

What is the innervation of the SCM?`

Back 2

spinal root of the accessory nerve (CN XI and C2 and C3).

Front 3

What is the Action of the SCM?

Back 3

tilts the head to one side, flexes the neck, and rotates the neck so the face points superiorly to the opposite side.

Front 4

What is the innervation of the mylohyoid?

Back 4

nerve to the mylohyoid (CN V)

which also supplies the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Front 5

CN VII (Facial):

Back 5

he cervical branch of the facial nerve supplies the platysma muscle. The main trunk of the facial nerve also gives fibers to the stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric muscles.

Front 6

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Back 6

carries branches from C1 and C2 to the ansa cervicalis in the cervical plexus.

Front 7

Internal Carotid Artery:

Back 7

has no branches in the neck
• Branches from the ophthalmic artery
o Supraorbital Branches

Front 8

Lingual Artery:

Back 8

(off the external carotid artery) passes deep to the hypoglossus muscle to supply the tongue.

Front 9

External Carotid Artery:

Back 9

branches in the neck
• Terminal branches are the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries.
• Posterior auricular artery
• Occipital artery

Front 10

External Jugular Vein:

Back 10

formed by the junction of the posterior auricular vein and the retromandibular vein.

Front 11

Ansa Cervicalis:

Back 11

• Innervation to the infrahyoid muscles.
• Forms a loop on anterior surface of the internal jugular vein by connecting branches of the hypoglossal and cervical nerves.
o Descendens hypoglossi or superior root
• Fibers from C1 and C2.
o Descendens cervicalis or inferior root
• Fibers from C2 and C3

Front 12

Internal Jugular Vein:

Back 12

Lies within the carotid sheath with the carotid artery and vagus nerve.
• Descends from the jugular foramen then moves from posterior to lateral in relation to the carotid artery.
• Facial vein empties into internal jugular vein

Front 13

Cervical Sympathetic System:

Back 13

• Superior Cervical Ganglion
o Branches to the internal and external carotid arteries
• Middle Cervical Ganglions
• Inferior Cervical Ganglion
o May fuse with the 1st thoracic ganglion to form the stellate ganglion.

Front 14

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V):

Back 14

• Nerve to the mylohyoid, which also supplies the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.
• Sensory innervation of the face

Front 15

o Opthalmic Division of Trigeminal

Back 15

• Supraorbital Nerve (off frontal nerve): throught supraorbital notch or foramen
• Supratrochlear Nerve (off frontal nerve): pierces orbital fascia
• Lacrimal Nerve: pierces orbital fascia
• Infratrochlear Nerve (off nasociliary nerve)
• External Nasal Nerve (off anterior ethmoidal nerve, a branch of nasociliary nerve)

Front 16

o Maxillary Division of Trigeminal

Back 16

• Infraorbital Nerve: through infraorbital foramen.
• Zygomaticotemporal Nerve (off zygomatic nerve): enters the temporal fossa
• Zygomaticofacial Nerve (off zygomatic nerve): supply cheek

Front 17

o Mandibular Division: of Trigeminal

Back 17

• Auriculotemporal Nerve: travels with superficial temporal artery.
• Buccal Nerve: over the buccinators muscle. Supplies skin over this muscle and mucous membranes in gums and mouth in this same area.
• Mental Nerve (off inferior alveolar nerve): supplies chin and lower lip.

Front 18

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX):

Back 18

• Supplies the carotid sinus

Front 19

Vagus Nerve (CN X):

Back 19

• The main trunk passes through the neck inside the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein and carotid artery.

Front 20

Superior Laryngeal Nerve: of Vagus

Back 20

• External Branch: innervates the cricothyroid muscle
• Internal Branch: passes through the thyrohyoid membrane
 Sensory to the laryngeal mucosa above the true vocal folds.

Front 21

Pharyngeal Branch: of Vagus

Back 21

helps form the pharyngeal plexus. This plexus contains motor fibers to pharyngeal muscles (except the tensor veli palatine, CN V) and sensory to pharyngeal mucous membranes.

Front 22

Recurrent (inferior) Laryngeal Branch: of Vagus

Back 22

supplies vocal muscles and mucous membrane below the true vocal folds.

Front 23

Ophthalmic (1) superior orbital fissure -

Back 23

between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid transmits Cr.Ns. III, IV, ophthalmic (V1) division of V, VI, and the superior ophthalmic vein

Front 24

Manadibular - mandibular foramen -

Back 24

in middle of ramus, for vessels and nerves

Front 25

Obicularis oculi muscle

Back 25

Obicularis oculi muscle
encircles palpebral fissure; very important in protecting eye from trauma, light, and drying

Front 26

Obicularis oris muscle –

Back 26

important in closing the mouth

Front 27

Trigeminal nerve

Back 27

sensory innervation of face is trigeminal nerve

Front 28

Facial nerve -

Back 28

Muscles of facial expression – all are innervated by the facial nerve

Front 29

Buccal nerve

Back 29

enters face passing the anterior border of masseter muscle and then over the buccinator muscle. Supplies skin over this muscle and mucous membranes in gums and mouth in this same area.

Front 30

Zygomaticofacial nerve -

Back 30

off zygomatic nerve) – passes through zygomatic bone via zygomaticoörbital and zygomaticofacial foramina to supply cheek

Front 31

great auricular nerve –

Back 31

this was just listed under nerve, I guess just know where it is located

Front 32

Facial Artery

Back 32

transverse facial artery
• Blood supply to the face
• branches off the external carotid artery in the neck, crosses lower border of mandible at the anterior border of masseter muscle and passes through the cheek to the medial angle (canthus) of the eye
o angular artery – terminal part of the facial artery at the medial angle of eye; anastomoses with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery
• the facial artery often makes a loop at the angle of the mouth to prevent stretching of it during opening of the mouth
(1) inferior labial artery - to lower lip
(2) superior labial artery – to upper lip

Front 33

Trigeminal nerve -

Back 33

sensory innervation of face is trigeminal nerve

Front 34

Superficail temporal artery - auriculotemporal nerve –

Back 34

travels with superficial temporal artery emerging from the margins of the parotid gland (superiorly)

Front 35

inferior alveolar nerve –

Back 35

gives rise to mental nerve

Front 36

Pterygomandibular raphe

Back 36

one of the origins of buccinator muscle
connective tissue line attached above to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate and below to the mandible behind the third molar tooth
also serves as origin for the superior pharyngeal constrictor, contributing continuity to the cheek and pharyngeal wall

Front 37

Temporalis:

Back 37

origin: the temporal fossa
Insertion: apex and anterior part of coronoid process of mandible
Action: closes mouth

Front 38

Medial Pterygoid:

Back 38

origin: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate Insertion: on medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible Action: closes mouth

Front 39

Masseter:

Back 39

origin: zygomatic arch and bone Insertion: lateral surface of ramus and angle of mandible
Action: closes mouth

Front 40

Coronoid process:

Back 40

part of mandible where the temporalis muscle inserts

Front 41

upper part of mandible

Back 41

Ramus:

Front 42

Angle:

Back 42

angle of jaw (part of mandible)

Front 43

Pterygopalatine Fossa:

Back 43

communicates with the infratemporal fossa
Through the pterygomaxillary fissure

Front 44

Mandibular foramen:

Back 44

inferior alveolar nerve enters mandible through this and
Supplies lower teeth

Front 45

Mental foramen:

Back 45

inferior alveolar nerve passes through here and becomes the
Mental nerve which supplies chin and upper lip

Front 46

Auriculotemporal nerve:

Back 46

*Travels with the superficial temporal artery
emerges superiorly from parotid gland
sometimes the middle meningeal artery passes through 2 roots of this
arises by 1-4 roots
receives post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion for the parotid gland
this nerve is sensory to skin in front of ear and scalp

Front 47

Chorda Tympani:

Back 47

in the infratemporal fossa
* the lingual nerve receives the chorda tympani nerve containing preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and taste fibers for the anterior 2/3 of tongue

Front 48

Inferior Alveolar nerve:

Back 48

enters the mandibular foramen after giving off the nerve to the
mylohyoid, which gives off a branch to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle
*sensory to lower teeth and skin on chin by way of mental nerve

Front 49

Diaphragma Sellae:

Back 49

(saddle) forms the roof of the sella turcica
Diploe: spongy bone contains diploitic veins and marrow

Front 50

) straight sinus -

Back 50

-at junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
(a) receives the great cerebral vein of Galen which drains the choroid
plexus
(b) drains the inferior sagittal sinus
(c) empties into the confluens of the sinuses

Front 51

confluens of the sinuses-

Back 51

Draining into Left / right transverse sinus.

Front 52

Transverse Sinuses -

Back 52

at attachment of the tentorium cerebelli to skull
(a) drains into the sigmoid sinus

Front 53

sigmoid sinuses -

Back 53

connect the anterior end of the transverse sinuses with the internal jugular vein

Front 54

Telencephalon-

Back 54

or cerebral hemispheres with the frontal, parietal temporal, and occipital lobes.
(a) the olfactory bulb and tract are attached to the frontal lobe and are associated with the olfactory nerve (CN1)

Front 55

Diencephalon -

Back 55

located superior to the sella turcica
(a) it includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasma (CN2), pituitary and pineal glands

Front 56

Mesencephalon (mid-brain) -

Back 56

gives the origin to oculomotor (CN3)
and trochlear nerves (CN4)

Front 57

Metencephalon -

Back 57

-consists of the pons and cerebellum
a. gives origin to the trigeminal nerve (CN5)
b. abducens (CN6),
facial (CN7), and vestibulocochlear (CN8) nerves

Front 58

Myelencephalon (medulla)

Back 58

a. origins of the glossopharyngeal (CN9), vagus (CN10) and the
cranial portion of accessory (CN11) nerves hypoglossal nerves-(CN12) is immediately anterior (ventral) to the inferior olive.

Front 59

Arachnoid granulations -

Back 59

- project into the dural sinuses to return cerebrospinal fluid to the blood

Front 60

Foramina of Luschka-

Back 60

two lateral foramen…subarachnoid space communicates with the fourth ventricle of the brain by the median foramen of Magendie

Front 61

Choroid plexus-

Back 61

the CSF is formed by the choroid plexus in the brains ventricle

Front 62

Intercavernous sinuses-

Back 62

in the diaphragma sellae…A) connects the left and right cavernous sinuses. B) Basilar sinus C) Occipital Sinus.

Front 63

Vertebral arteries-

Back 63

a. gives off branches as they enter the cranial cavity through the foramen magnum b. vessels from both sides join to form the basilar artery on the front of the pons c. branches

Front 64

) Basilar artery-

Back 64

gives off several pairs of arteries (Superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries.) before dividing into its larger paired terminal branches, the posterior cerebral arteries.

Front 65

Anterior cerebral arteries-

Back 65

arteries that make up the circle of Willis and supplies the cerebellum.

Front 66

Internal carotid arteries-

Back 66

A) passing through the carotid canal and then lying superior to the foramen lacerum B) then passes through the cavernous sinus, pierces the dura as it gives off the ophthalmic arteries
C). Branches

Front 67

ophthalmic artery - branch of Internal Carotid Artery

Back 67

enters the orbit through the optic foramen with the optic nerve

Front 68

posterior communicating artery- of ICA

Back 68

communicates with the posterior cerebral artery (branch of the basilar artery).

Front 69

posterior communicating artery- of ICA

Back 69

communicates with the posterior cerebral artery (branch of the basilar artery).

Front 70

posterior communicating artery-

Back 70

communicates with the posterior cerebral artery (branch of the basilar artery).

Front 71

Palpebral fissure

Back 71

a. canthus -medial or lateral angles of the palpebral fissure
b. lacus lacrimalis - a space for accumulation of tears

Front 72

Superior oblique muscle

Back 72

(1) origin - on sphenoid bone, above and medial to the tendinous ring

Front 73

Lateral rectus muscle -

Back 73

abducts the pupil
also attached to the tarsal plate by the tarsal muscle (Müller's) that consists of smooth muscle and is innervated by sympathetic nerves

Front 74

Submandibular ganglion

Back 74

is associated with the lingual nerve and serves the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands: receives
preganglionic fibers via the chorda tympani nerve

Front 75

The otic ganglion

Back 75

is located within the Infratemporal Fossa

Front 76

Auriculotemporal division

Back 76

1) receives postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion for the parotid gland (autonomic to gland)

Front 77

Aurioculotemporal division

Back 77

preganglionic fibers (lesser petrosal nerve) to the otic ganglion exit the skull through a fissure between sphenoid and petrous part of temporal bones or through an opening in the greater wing of sphenoid

Front 78

Nasociliary branch

Back 78

enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure through the tendinous
ring passing from lateral to medial between the divisions of the oculomotor nerve
b. sends sensory fibers to the eye through the long and short ciliary nerves
(for the corneal reflex)
c. terminal branches include
(1) posterior ethmoidal nerve
(2) anterior ethmoidal nerve
(3) infratrochlear nerve

Front 79

Abducens nerve (CN 6)

Back 79

1. enters orbit through the superior orbital fissure and through the tendinous ring
2. innervates the lateral rectus

Front 80

Blood supply to the brain

Back 80

)Internal Carotid Artery
a) anterior cerebral artery - smaller of the two terminal branches.
Goes medial then superior to the optic nerves, communicating with each other by way of the unpaired anterior communicating artery.

Front 81

Blood vessels related to pharynx

Back 81

A. carotid arteries
2. external carotid artery ends lateral and anterior to the styloid process

Front 82

what supplies blood to the face?

Back 82

Facial Artery, transverse facial artery

Front 83

pharyngeal muscles

Back 83

pharyngeal muscles
a. constrictors: all of them insert into a median raphe
(1) superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle - origin from the medial pterygoid plate, hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mandible and tongue

Front 84

middle pharyngeal constrictor

Back 84

origin from the hyoid bone

Front 85

inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle -

Back 85

origin from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Front 86

. stylopharyngeus muscle

Back 86

(1) origin from the medial aspect of the styloid process
(2) enters the pharynx between the superior and middle constrictor muscles
(3) insertion into the thyroid cartilage
(4) innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 87

. palatopharyngeus muscle -

Back 87

crosses the midline behind and acts as a sphincter

Front 88

. salpingopharyngeus muscle -

Back 88

origin from the auditory tube and blends into the pharyngeal wall

Front 89

Prevertebral region

Back 89

A. lies anterior to the vertebral column
B. seven prevertebral muscles are ensheathed in the prevertebral fascia
1. anterior scalene muscle
2. middle scalene muscle
3. posterior scalene muscle
4. longus capitus muscle
5. longus colli muscle
6. rectus capitus anterior muscle
7. rectus capitus lateralis muscle

Front 90

stylopharyngeus muscle

Back 90

(1) origin from the medial aspect of the styloid process
(2) enters the pharynx between the superior and middle constrictor muscles
(3) insertion into the thyroid cartilage
(4) innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 91

Which muscles is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Back 91

a. sternocleidomastoid
Investing fascia of the deep cervical fascia
Innervated by Cranial nerve XI

Front 92

spinal accessory nerve - CN 11

Back 92

1. exits the jugular foramen and passes the jugular vein (usually anterior)
2. has a cranial part and a spinal part
a. cranial part - originates from nucleus ambiguous, branches off to travel
with the vagus nerve in pharyngeal plexus
i. motor to pharyngeal muscles along with vagus nerve
b. spinal part - originates from upper cervical spine
i. motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Front 93

hypoglossal nerve - CN 12

Back 93

1. exits the hypoglossal canal
2. passes lateral to both carotids
3. passes behind, under and lateral to the occipital artery on the way to the tongue
4. enters the tongue between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles
5. motor nerve to the tongue

Front 94

vagus nerve - CN 10

Back 94

1. exits the jugular foramen and parallels the carotid artery
2. superior laryngeal nerve - passes medial to both carotid arteries
a. internal branch
(1) pierces the thyrohyoid membrane
(2) sensory and parasympathetic to supraglottic mucosa
b. external branch
(1) motor to the cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

d. recurrent laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal artery pass between the
inferior constrictor and esophagus

Front 95

Vomer

Back 95

Forms the medial wall of the nasal septum

Front 96

Sphenoid

Back 96

The Sphenoid Sinuses are located in the body of the Sphenoid Bone.
The Sphenoid Sinuses open in the Sphenoehtmoidal Recess

Front 97

Palatoglossus Muscle

Back 97

Originates from inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis.
Inserts into mucous membrane of tongue.
Occupies Palatopharyngeal arch.

Front 98

Genioglossus

Back 98

Originate immediately above geniohyoid
Protracts the tongue

Front 99

Foramen Cecum

Back 99

Located at the midpoint of the Sulcus Terminalis

Front 100

Vestibule

Back 100

Small external portion of the Oral Cavity
Located between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth posterior by a
vertical portion of the soft palate and palatoglossal arch

Front 101

Superior Thyroid Cartilage Cornua (Horn)

Back 101

Attached to the greater horn of the hyoid bone.
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage.

Front 102

Inferior Thyroid Cartilage Cornua

Back 102

Articulates with the cricoid cartilage.
Posterior border of thyroid cartilage

Front 103

Alar Cartilages, Greater

Back 103

Surrounds and holds open the nasal aperture
It consists of a lateral and a medial crus

Front 104

Rima Glottidis

Back 104

Space between the vocal folds.
Vocal processes are carried laterally or medially to open or close
Narrowest part of the Layngeal cavity.
Its shape and size is altered by the movement of Arytenoid cartilages.
During quiet breathing the Rima Glottidis remains open and during speech
it varies in size to almost being closed.

Front 105

Ventricle

Back 105

Interior of the Larynx.
On each side extends from the vestibular fold and vocal folds

Front 106

Aditus (Inlet) or entrance to Larynx

Back 106

Is formed anteriorly by the epiglottis, laterally by the aryepiglottic folds, and posteriorly by the corniculate cartilage.
The Piriform Recesses of the Pharynx are lateral to the Laryngeal inlet.

Front 107

A) Parietal

Back 107

Paired bones on the lateral aspect of the skull. Sagittal sutures are between them. The bregma is at the junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures. The lambda is at the junction of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures.

Front 108

Zygomatic

Back 108

Paired bones on the lateral aspect of the skull which forms the prominence of cheek. Forms the zygomatic arch.

Front 109

Lingula –

Back 109

Spine at mandibular foramen for sphenomandibular ligament

Front 110

Coronoid process

Back 110

Anterior to mandibular notch. Site of insertion for the temporalis muscle.

Front 111

Glabella-

Back 111

median elevation between the eyebrows (superciliary arches)

Front 112

Bregma-

Back 112

the juncture of the sagittal and coronal sutures

Front 113

Inion-

Back 113

the center of the external occipital protuberance

Front 114

Lambda-

Back 114

the juncture of the lambdoid and sagittal sutures

Front 115

Pterion-

Back 115

circular area formed by the junction of the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, parietal bone, and the squamous part of the temporal bone