Anatomy Midterm 2

Front 1

Another name for muscle cells

Back 1

Muscle fibers

Front 2

Four basic characteristics of muscle tissue

Back 2

contractability, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

Front 3

Types of muscles

Back 3

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

Front 4

Is skeletal striated or non-striated?

Back 4

striated

Front 5

Skeletal muscles pull or push bones?

Back 5

pull

Front 6

Is skeletal voluntary?

Back 6

yes

Front 7

Is cardiac striated?

Back 7

yes

Front 8

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary

Back 8

involuntary

Front 9

What does cardiac muscle do?

Back 9

Contractions cause the heart to beat, which propels blood though the blood vessels

Front 10

What does skeletal muscle do?

Back 10

Pull bones causing movements around joins

Front 11

Is smooth muscle striated or non-striated?

Back 11

non-striated

Front 12

What does smooth muscle do?

Back 12

Propels substances through certain organs

Front 13

Blood vessels, digestive organs, urinary organs, and reproductive organs are lined with what kind of muscle?

Back 13

smooth muscle

Front 14

What does peristalsis do?

Back 14

Propels food from one end of the digestive tract to another

Front 15

Movement of the body and materials within the body are functions of what types of muscle?

Back 15

Smooth and skeletal

Front 16

What is thermoregulation?

Back 16

heat generation during muscle contraction

Front 17

Thermoregulation is a function of what type of muscle

Back 17

Skeletal

Front 18

Posture, body and organ support, protection from injury are functions of what type of muscle

Back 18

Skeletal

Front 19

Cardiovascular pump is a function of what type of muscle

Back 19

Cardiac

Front 20

Stabilization and strengthening of joints are functions of what type of muscle?

Back 20

skeletal

Front 21

What are myofilaments?

Back 21

Proteins, actin and myosin, that fill most of the cell

Front 22

What are 3 common structures for all muscle types?

Back 22

myofilaments, sarcolemma, sarcoplasma

Front 23

How does actin filaments work?

Back 23

The actin filaments can slide past the myosin filament using the energy of ATP, thus shortening [contracting] the muscle.

Front 24

What is sarcolemma?

Back 24

The plasma membrane of a muscle cell; specific to the muscle cell

Front 25

What is sarcoplasma?

Back 25

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell; specific to the cell

Front 26

What is epimysium?

Back 26

The connective tissue of the muscle

Front 27

What is fascia?

Back 27

Hypodermis of the skin

Front 28

How continuous is the epimysium?

Back 28

It is continuous throughout the hypodermis of the skin

Front 29

What is a fascicle?

Back 29

A bundle of muscle

Front 30

What is a perimysium?

Back 30

The covering of the fasicle

Front 31

What is endomysium?

Back 31

Covering the sarcolemma of each cell

Front 32

How is the endomysium formed?

Back 32

When the perimysium thins and weaves around individual muscle fibers

Front 33

What does the epimysium separate?

Back 33

individual muscles within a group of muscles

Front 34

The epimysium is continuous _____?

Back 34

with the tendon of the muscle it covers

Front 35

What is a tendon?

Back 35

tissue that connects muscles to bone

Front 36

What two things cover skeletal muscle fibers?

Back 36

Sarcolemma and endomysium

Front 37

What are myofibrils?

Back 37

Tubular units along the long axis of the cell (Skeletal)

Front 38

What are sarcomeres?

Back 38

The basic structural and function units of contraction in a skeletal muscle cell

Front 39

Myofilaments

Back 39

Constructed from thick and thin filaments

Front 40

Actin

Back 40

Protein; thin filaments

Front 41

Myosin

Back 41

Thick protein filaments;

Front 42

What do actin and myosin do?

Back 42

Cause muscle contraction

Front 43

What are sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules?

Back 43

specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils that aid the influx of calcium for coordinated contraction of sacromeres through the myofibrils

Front 44

Speed of skeletal muscle

Back 44

Rapid, greater force, relaxes rapidly

Front 45

Speed of smooth muscle

Back 45

Slow to contract, sustains its force of contraction (though weaker) relatively longer than skeletal muscle, relaxes slowly

Front 46

what is the Neuromuscular Junction?

Back 46

The connection between the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle and the innervating terminal synaptic end bulbs of a motor axon

Front 47

ACH pathway within NMJ

Back 47

The ACh receptors of the sarcolemma that respond to the ACh from the axon are the motor end plate. The ACh affects protein channels in the sarcolemma and starts the contraction. AChE within the synaptic cleft stops the effect of the ACh

Front 48

Motor Unit

Back 48

Somatic motor axon and its branches that contact motor end plates

Front 49

What is the origin of a muscle?

Back 49

The proximal and/or most stable portion of a muscle; tendon usually attaches to a bone

Front 50

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Back 50

The distal and/or most mobile portion of a muscle; tendon attaches to bone or to special CT

Front 51

What is aponeurosis?

Back 51

Flat sheet of CT

Front 52

What is the belly of skeletal muscle?

Back 52

the region of contraction

Front 53

What is action of a skeletal muscle

Back 53

When contraction occurs between the origin and insertion (e.g. flexion, abduction, rotation, etc)

Front 54

Functional classification

Back 54

amount of mobility

Front 55

structural classification

Back 55

type of tissue that binds the joint and whether or not the joint has a joint cavity

Front 56

Types of functional classification

Back 56

synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Front 57

Types of structural classification

Back 57

Fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

Front 58

Types of fibrous Joints

Back 58

Suture, syndesmoses, gomphosis

Front 59

Types of cartilaginous joints

Back 59

Synchrondroses (hyaline cartilage), symphysis (fibrocartilage),

Front 60

types of synovial joint

Back 60

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Front 61

What is a synovial joint

Back 61

Bond ends/parts covered with articular cartilage/within an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane

Front 62

6 Common features of a synovial joint

Back 62

1. Articular cartilage of hyaline cartilage; absorbs compression
2. Joint of synovial cavity "potential space that holds synovial fluid
3. Articular Capsule - composed of an outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular tissue
4. Synovial fluid - viscous fluid made from blood and fibroblasts that lubricate the jont and nourish the articular cartilage
5. Reinforcing ligaments and articular discs can be extracapsular or intracapsular
6. Nerves and blood vessels - nerves detect pain and movement or stretching; blood supply nourishes tissues and synovial fluid production

Front 63

Proprioception

Back 63

determining position for balance

Front 64

What are bursae and tendon sheaths

Back 64

fibrous coverings that contain synovial fluid and are associated with synovial joints

Front 65

Gliding movement

Back 65

flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other

Front 66

Angular

Back 66

The angle between two bones is changed (flexon, extension, abduction, adduction)

Front 67

Rotation

Back 67

a bone turns around its own long axis (lateral rotation, medial rotation of the thigh)

Front 68

What is a formed element?

Back 68

Specialized tissue called blood

Front 69

Four primary functions of blood

Back 69

Transport
Regulates internal chemical environment
Clotting
Protection and prevention

Front 70

Blood is major contributor of? (primary function of blood)

Back 70

Regulation of the internal chemical environment including osmotic pressures, water content of the tissues and thermoregulation

Front 71

Transport (primary function of blood)

Back 71

nutrients and waste materials, oxygen and carbon dioxide, hormones, enzymes, carrier proteins, minerals, lipids, carbohydrates

Front 72

Clotting (primary function of blood)

Back 72

reduce blood loss

Front 73

Protection and prevention (primary function of blood)

Back 73

prevention and protection from the effects of pathogens and toxins

Front 74

Composition of blood

Back 74

plasma & formed elements

Front 75

Plasma composition

Back 75

92% water; 7% proteins

Front 76

What do proteins in blood plasma aid with

Back 76

aid in hyperosmotic pressure to reduce water loss to tussues and maintain blood pressure

Front 77

Four Parts of blood plasma proteins

Back 77

albumins, globulins, fibrinogens, minerals

Front 78

albumin

Back 78

transport fatty acids and steroids

Front 79

globulins

Back 79

for antibodies made from B cells

Front 80

What are fibrinogens for?

Back 80

for blood clotting

Front 81

What are the formed elements in blood

Back 81

erythrocytes

Front 82

erythrocytes consists of?

Back 82

RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes

Front 83

What do RBCs not have and what does this mean?

Back 83

a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes; means no mitosis and no aerobic respiration

Front 84

What is hemoglobin comprised of?

Back 84

4 globulin molecules, each with an atom of iron.

Front 85

How does hemoglobin pick up oxygen

Back 85

the oxygen attaches to the iron in the globulin molecules.

Front 86

The RBC's "body" permits what three properties?

Back 86

strength, flexibility, and a relatevly large surface area

Front 87

What is rouleaux form?

Back 87

When RBCs stack themselves like coins

Front 88

What does traveling in rouleaux form allow RBCs to do

Back 88

they travel through capillaries and can squeeze between cell spaces

Front 89

ATP is made by the RBCs through which pathway

Back 89

anaerobically

Front 90

Where are RBCs removed?

Back 90

Macrophages via spleen and liver

Front 91

What are two properties of a granulocytes

Back 91

All have a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm

Front 92

What are agranulocytes?

Back 92

Have large rounded or bean-shaped nucleus without granules

Front 93

Types of Granulocytes

Back 93

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,

Front 94

neutrophils

Back 94

most numerous, granules are lysogenic enzymes that are neutral to dye; phagocytize pathogenic bacteria and foreign material

Front 95

What is pus?

Back 95

dead neutrophils

Front 96

Eosinophils

Back 96

Phagocytic but target allergens or parasites; enzyme granules acid stain red

Front 97

Basophils

Back 97

rarest; granules stain with basic blue dye; granules source of histamine released in damaged tissue to increase capillary permeability

Front 98

Monocytes

Back 98

Largest WBC and phagocytic; becomes free macrophage in tissues after leaving the capillaries

Front 99

Name the 3 different lymphocytes and what they do

Back 99

inclues B, T, and Natural killer cells; part of cellular and antibody immune system against specific pathogens or antigens

Front 100

What are antigens

Back 100

foreign substance that produces an immune response

Front 101

tunica externa

Back 101

mostly elastic fibers and collagen fibers that protect the blood vessel and anchor it to surrounding structures. The tunica externa is infiltrated with visceral nerve fibers [Why?] and, in the larger arteries and veins, has its own blood supply, the vasa vasorum, ("vessels of the vessel"), to supply nutrients and O2 to the tissues of the vessel wall

Front 102

What is diapedesis?

Back 102

When WBCs migrate across the endothelium

Front 103

Hematopoeisis/hemopoiesis

Back 103

The process of making new blood cells

Front 104

What tissue produces RBCs, granulocytes, WBCs, and platelets?

Back 104

Myeloid tissue,

Front 105

What is the vasa vasorum?

Back 105

blood vessel of the blood vessel

Front 106

What tissue can produce granulocytes and platelets?

Back 106

myeloid and lymphoid tissue

Front 107

Active marrow sites in adulthood

Back 107

ilia, sternum, and bodies of vertebrae

Front 108

3 Properties of Elastic or Conducting Arteries?

Back 108

1. Largest arteries with an internal elastic membrane, great amount of elastic tissue in the tunica media and relatively less smooth muscle
2. Largest lumen; allows them to conduct blood from the heart to the muscular arteries
3. Examples? Pulmonary trunk, aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavians, and common iliac arteries..

Front 109

What is the Mediastinum?

Back 109

The region between the lungs

Front 110

3 Properties of Muscular or Distributing Arteries

Back 110

1. Medium to small-sized arteries (arterioles) that distribute blood to specific body parts or organs.
2. Their tunica media contains relatively more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue than elastic arteries. The smooth muscle is also subject to vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
3. Examples: External & internal carotids, axillary, brachial, radial, femoral, tibial.

Front 111

The superior part of the heart is called ?

Back 111

The base

Front 112

part of the heart that is aimed inferiorly towards the left hip and rests on the diaphram

Back 112

apex

Front 113

2 Properties of collateral circulation

Back 113

1. Venous return to the heart is improved by collateral circulation.

2. Most parts of the body receive blood from more than one arterial branch, called an arterial anastomosis. Arteries that do not anastomose, e.g., those supplying the toes and fingers, are called end arteries. If their blood flow is permanently stopped, the cells supplied will die. Think of the effects of frostbite or diabetes

Front 114

surface of the heart that is the surface of the right atrium and ventricle

Back 114

Sternocostal surface

Front 115

What is serous pericardium?

Back 115

A thin, double-layered serous membrane

Front 116

Arterial anastomosis

Back 116

receiving blood from more than one arterial branch

Front 117

What is the pericardial sac

Back 117

a thin, double layered serous membrane

Front 118

serous pericardium

Back 118

thing, double layered serous membrane

Front 119

What are end arteries

Back 119

Arteries that do not anastomose

Front 120

External layer of the double layer of the heart

Back 120

parietal pericardium

Front 121

What is visceral pericardium

Back 121

where the parietal layer reflects over the hearts surface; also known as epicardium

Front 122

Pericardial cavity

Back 122

potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardia

Front 123

Four properties of capillaries

Back 123

1. The average lumen diameter is 0.01 mm (10 microns), large enough for RBCs to slip through in single file or in roleaux formation.

2. Purpose: Exchange nutrients, O2/ CO2 and waste products with cells

3. Precapillary smooth muscle sphincters can constrict, cutting off blood flow through the preferred channel of a capillary bed; instead blood flows through the arteriovenosus anastomoses . This is also called vasoconstriction.

4. Capillaries may be continuous, fenestrated or sinusoids. What are the microanatomical differences called clefts or fenestrae? In what organs would each of these types of capillaries be found?

Front 124

What does the serous fluid within the pericardial cavity do?

Back 124

lubricates the visceral and parietal pericardia membranes so they can glide smoothly against one another during the heartbeat

Front 125

Four types of arteries that transport blood away from the heart

Back 125

1. Elastic or conducting arteries
2. Muscular or distributing arteries
3. Collateral circulation
4. Capillaries

Front 126

What is the fibrous pericardium and what does it do?

Back 126

a thick, dense CT covering the pericardial sac; attaches the heart to the diaphram and to the great blood vessels that exit the base

Front 127

What is the myocardium

Back 127

The middle layer of the heart wall; mostly cardiac muscle

Front 128

Most of the blood are in the ____?

Back 128

Veins 65%-70%

Front 129

What is the fibrous skeleton

Back 129

Connective tissue that binds myocardium into bundles

Front 130

What is the endocardium?

Back 130

the inner epithelial layer lining the myocardium

Front 131

Why do veins return blood to the heart without BP?

Back 131

1. Large size of the lumen offers little resistance to blood flow
2. One way valves in extremeties stop blood from flowing backwards
3. Skeletal muscle compresses veins to push blood to heart

Front 132

What are intercalculated discs?

Back 132

A result of adjacent cellular plasma membranes that interlock with the aid of intermediate filaments.

Front 133

Heart's right side pump is known as the

Back 133

Pulmonary circuit

Front 134

Heart's left side pump is known as the

Back 134

Systemic Circuit

Front 135

Venous valves

Back 135

values that stop backflow of blood in veins

Front 136

Two chambers of the cardiovascular pump have

Back 136

atrium and ventricle

Front 137

Describe the pulmonary pump

Back 137

Blood returning from the body is O2 poor, CO2 rich

Blood enters RA -> RV

Pumps blood to pulmonary arteries to the lungs for gas exchange, adding O2 and removing CO2

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

Front 138

The liver receives the blood from which two vessels?

Back 138

Hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein

Front 139

Describe the systemic circuit pump

Back 139

Blood in the
LA -> LV
LV -> Aorta
Aorta branches into systemic arteries, then into increasingly smaller arterties, then finally into capillaries that carry blood to body tissues

Front 140

Hepatic artery delivers _______ blood for the liver cells

Back 140

oxygenated

Front 141

Describe blood returning from capillaries to the heart

Back 141

O2 deficient blood goes into increasingly larger veins that merge to empty blood into superior or inferior vena cava, which delivers blood to RA

Front 142

Left and right atria are separated by?

Back 142

interartrial septum

Front 143

Atria musculature thin- or thick- walled?

Back 143

Thin walled

Front 144

Which veins do the hepatic portal vein collect blood from?

Back 144

Superior messenteric vein
Inferior messenteric vein
Splenic vein

Front 145

Apex is formed by the?

Back 145

Left ventricle

Front 146

What does the superior messenteric vein do?

Back 146

Drains the small intestine, portions of the large intestine, and the stomach

Front 147

Describe cardiac cycle

Back 147

1. Atria contract (systole) & then relax
2. Ventricles contract (systole) while atria relax (diastole)
3. All four chambers relax

Front 148

The right AV valve

Back 148

tricuspid valve

Front 149

The left AV valve

Back 149

bicuspid valve

Front 150

what does the inferior messenteric vein do?

Back 150

drains the lower large intestine

Front 151

Collagenous cords that anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls

Back 151

chordae tendineae

Front 152

lubb dub is produced by?

Back 152

bicuspid and tricuspid valves (lub)
semilunar valves (dub)

Front 153

What does the splenic vein do?

Back 153

drains blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and large intestine

Front 154

The pacemaker of the heart

Back 154

Sinoatrial node (SA node); a small mass of specialized cells in the right atrial wall inferior to the opening of the superior vena cava; sets the RESTING heart rate

Front 155

What can stimulate an increase in heart rate?

Back 155

1. nerve impulses from sympathetic nervous system
2. noreprinephrine in the blood from the adrenal gland

Front 156

Hepatic portal vein ______ blood from the veins

Back 156

collects

Front 157

Describe the electrical conduction system (pathway) of the heart

Back 157

SA node-> AV node -> bundle of HIS -> branch to L&R bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

Front 158

2 Properties of sinusoids

Back 158

Relatively large lumens and incomplete endothelial linings

Front 159

Impulse is received by the AV node in the?

Back 159

inferior interatrial septum

Front 160

SA node impulses travel along the?

Back 160

cardiac muscle cells via the intercalated discs

Front 161

Purkinje fibers stimulates the?

Back 161

ventricular myocardium

Front 162

What is a portal system?

Back 162

venous system that moves blood from capillaries to veins to capillaries

Front 163

Bundle of his stimulates the?

Back 163

interventricular septum

Front 164

What are the three basic types of blood vessels?

Back 164

arteries, capillaries, and veins

Front 165

How many arteries and veins does the umbilical cord consit of?

Back 165

two unbilical arteries and one umbilical vein

Front 166

All blood vessels have what kind of epithelium?

Back 166

simple squamous epithelium aka endothelium

Front 167

What is the ductus venosus?

Back 167

A vascular shunt allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal liver circulation; empties into inferior vena cava

Front 168

All capillaries are how thick?

Back 168

one cell thick

Front 169

What is the smallest branch of artieries?

Back 169

arterioles

Front 170

How many layers do blood vessels have? (except capillaries)

Back 170

3 capillaries

Front 171

Blood from the RA of a fetus mostly flows to the? (Describe pathway)

Back 171

foramen ovale -> LA -> LV; most blood bypasses the RV

Front 172

Name the three layers of blood vessels

Back 172

1. inner layer = tunica interna
2. middle layer = tunica media
3. outer layer = tunica externa

Front 173

What happens to the foramen ovale after birth?

Back 173

It becomes the fossa ovalis

Front 174

tunica interna

Back 174

endothelium with an overlying connective tissue with some elastic fibers. The endothelium is a continuation of the endocardial lining of the heart, the only common layer in all blood vessels, including the capillaries

Front 175

What is the tunica media?

Back 175

mostly circular smooth muscle and some elastic c.t., responds to the sympathetic n.s. causing vasoconstriction. Vasodilation occurs when the sympathetic ceases innervation.

Front 176

What happens to the blood that does enter the RV of a fetus?

Back 176

it is pumped into the pulmonary trunk, where the ductus arteriosus sends most of the blood into the aorta, bypassing the lungs again

Front 177

What happens to the ductus arteriosus after birth?

Back 177

it becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

Front 178

What is lymph?

Back 178

Fluid collected by lymph capillaries from leaky capillary and cell fluid

Front 179

Lymph is not drained from the?

Back 179

brain, avascular tissue, or marrow

Front 180

Describe the path of lymph

Back 180

capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> larger lymph vessels, ducts -> returned to the circulatory system

Front 181

What is Lymphoid tissue

Back 181

Any tissue that produces B lymphocytes; may be in the form of nodes or nodules

Front 182

Where are nodes found?

Back 182

in the lymphatic tissue

Front 183

Where are nodules found?

Back 183

in the intestinal lining or respiratory lining; Mucosa-Associated Lyphatic Tissue (MALT)

Front 184

What is Mucosa-Associated lymphatic Tissue?

Back 184

Nodules found in the intestinal lining or respiratory tract

Front 185

What is the smallest lymphoid organs?

Back 185

Lymph nodes containing nodules.

Front 186

Spleen

Back 186

Removes RBCs and WBCs

Front 187

What is "red pulp"

Back 187

is a reservoir and remover of RBCs in the spleen

Front 188

What does the thymus do?

Back 188

it is the source of T lymphocytes; receives pre-T lymphocytes from bone marrow

Front 189

What do B lymphocytes do?

Back 189

produce specific antibodies when activated by antigens

Front 190

What enters the Lymphatic capillaries?

Back 190

interstitial fluid, ions, some nutrients and proteins and WBCs

Front 191

What permits the different substances to enter the lymphatic capillaries?

Back 191

one-way valves

Front 192

What makes circulation possible in lymph vessels?

Back 192

Muscle contraction and movement (e.g. milking the vessels)

Front 193

What kind of muscle is in the larger lymph vessels?

Back 193

Smooth muscle

Front 194

Describe the pathway of lymph in Lymphatic vessels

Back 194

Lymph capillaries -> lypmph collecting vessels ->

Lymph nodes-> lymphatic trunks-> Lymphatic Ducts

Right lymphatic ducts drains the right superior quarter of the body -> right subclavian vein

Rest of the body is drained into thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein

Thoracic duct drains the lower appendages and abdomen and thorax through the **cisterna chyli**

Front 195

What processes are involved in respiration?

Back 195

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

Front 196

What is pulmonary ventilation?

Back 196

it involves inhalation and exhalation

Front 197

External respiration

Back 197

gas exchange between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood

Front 198

Internal respiration

Back 198

gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells

Front 199

External nares

Back 199

nose entrance

Front 200

What are the external nares lined with?

Back 200

skin that contains coarse hairs that filter large particles from inhaled air

Front 201

What are the nasal cavities, the sides, conchae, and ethmoid lined with?

Back 201

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells

Front 202

What do goblet cells secrete in the nasal cavities?

Back 202

mucus that contains lysozymes

Front 203

What do the capillaries in the CT below the mucous membrane of the nose do?

Back 203

Heat incoming air that swirls around the conchae and ethmoid

Front 204

What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?

Back 204

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 205

Where is the nasopharynx?

Back 205

posterior to the nasal cavities and extends to the level of the soft palate

Front 206

What mucous membrane does the oropharynx consist of?

Back 206

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 207

What mucous membrane does the laryngopharynx consist of?

Back 207

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 208

What is the larynx composed of?

Back 208

9 pieces of cartilage, mostly made of hyaline;

1. Thyroid cartilage
2. Epiglottis
3. True and false vocal cords

Front 209

What does the thyroid cartilage contain?

Back 209

the laryngeal eminence which is on the anterior median surface

Front 210

What is the laryngeal eminence?

Back 210

Adam's apple

Front 211

What do the false vocal cords do?

Back 211

help hold your breath when they are brought together

Front 212

What do true vocal cords do?

Back 212

Have elastic tissue and vibrate to produce sound as air passes upwards from the lungs;

Skeletal muscles attach to arytenoids and other cartilages;

tension of cord changes = pitch changes

Front 213

The trachea divides into the

Back 213

right and left primary bronchi

Front 214

What is the trachea lined with

Back 214

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 215

What is the tracheal wall reinforced with?

Back 215

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

Front 216

What do the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage in the tracheal wall do?

Back 216

allow the esophagus to expand during swallowing

Front 217

What part of the lung is the main recipient of inhaled objects?

Back 217

the right primary bronchus

Front 218

The walls of alveoli contain what type of epithelial cells?

Back 218

simple squamous epithelial cells; type I cells

Front 219

What do the alveolar and capillary walls form?

Back 219

alveolar-capillary membrane

Front 220

What do type II cells produce

Back 220

surfactant fluid

Front 221

what does surfactant fluid do?

Back 221

lowers the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Front 222

What are the prime movers of inspiration?

Back 222

The diaphram and external intercostal muscles