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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Describe the planes of section of the body.
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1. cross section = transverse = horizontal
2. saggital (mid or para) 3. coronal = frontal |
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2. List directional terms and their definitions
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anatomical position = upright; face, hands, and feet forward
anterior = front = ventral posterior = back = dorsal medial lateral superficial deep proximal = towards the trunk distal = away from the trunk superior = towards the head inferior = towards the feet |
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3. List the different types of articulations, their characteristics and mvmts. available
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fibrous - fused, nonmoveable (sutures in skull)
cartilagenous - slightly moveable (vertebrae and intervertebral disks) synovial - fluid-filled, freely moveable (hip, knee, ankle) movements = uniaxial, hinge/rotation, biaxial, multiaxial, nonaxial (planar, gliding, twisting) |
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4. List the characteristics of a synovial joint
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articular cartilage
synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid joint capsule - dense connective ligaments joint cavity - potential space |
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5+6 Describe the components of a typical reflex arc
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receptor
afferent sensory neuron CNS efferent motor neuron target organ (PNS) |
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8a. Describe the similarities between cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
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bilaterally symmetric
afferent & efferent somatic and autonomic |
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8b. Describe the differences/similarities between cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
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cranial: n=12; enter & exit brainstem; innervate head structures
spinal: n=31 (8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1-3C); enter & exit intervertebral foramen; innervate body wall and limbs and smooth muscle |
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7+9. Describe the relationship of spinal nerves to the bony vertebrae.
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afferent sensory = dorsal root + dorsal root ganglion
efferent sensory = ventral root + ventral root ganglion true spinal nerve = both afferent and efferent branches: dorsal ramus + ventral ramus (larger) |
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10a. Describe the hipbone and its components
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pelvic girdle = hipbones + sacrum
hipbones = ilium, ischium, and pubis - connect @ acetabulum = insert for head of femur sacrum = s1-s5 fused |
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10. Describe the hipbone's unique features.
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compromise of walking and birth of big-brained babies
females have > 90 degree angle of suprapubic angle females have larger pelvic inlet/outlet |
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11. Describe the different articulations of the pelvic region
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lumbosacral
sacroiliac hip joint |
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12a. Describe the lumbosacral joint, its functions and its ligaments
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L5-S1
slightly moveable, synovial ligament = iliolumbar - stabilize L5 on ilium cause of many back problems |
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12b. Describe the sacroiliac joint, its functions and its ligaments
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sacrum -ilium
synovial when young - fused when adult strong, limited motion = keeps sacrum in place ligaments - sacroiliac - tightens under weight bearing -> weight directed to acetabulum -> lower limb -> ground sacrotubular, and sacrospinious - prevent/limit rotation |
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13. Describe the hip joint, its functions and its ligaments.
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multiaxial ball and socket, synovial
acetabular labrum increases stability, flexibility and movement action = propulsion function = flex/extend, abduct/adduct, rotate inward and outward ligaments (1 from each bone of hipbones + femur): 1. ligament of head of femur (femur - acetabulum) 2. ischeofemoral 3. iliofemoral - anterior, limits hip extension = y-ligament 4. pubofemoral femoral angularity - bipedal, keeps knee under mass; >90deg in females |
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14. Describe the gluteal muscles and their daily function.
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function: control gravity and momentum
gluteus maximus - resists falling forward momentum lessor gluteals - limmit adduction, prevent falling over when on 1 leg tensor fascia lata - supports muscles of thigh and prevents femur buckling hip intrinsics - proprioceptic sensor of hip, laterally rotates hip |
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16a. Describe superficial fascia and its functions
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hypodermis, 1st layer of fat under skin
made up of: fat, water, connective tissue route for vessels and nerves thermal insulator mechanical protection |
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16b. Describe deep fascia and its functions
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epimysium - just above muscles
made up of only connective tissue surrounds muscles - decrease friction, increase movement place of attachment for muscles route for vessels and nerves in thigh = fascia lata = iliotibial tract/band |
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17. List the components of the lumbosacral plexus and their areas of responsibility.
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ventral rami of L1-S4
motor innervation, sensory info, and autonomic nerves inferior and lateral abdominals, perineum, gluteals, pelvic viscera, lower limb |
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17a. femoral nerve
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L2-L4
anterior thigh flex hip, ext knee |
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17b. obturator nerve
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L2-L4
medial thigh hip abductors |
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17c. superior gluteal
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L4-S1
lessor gluteals tensor fascia lata |
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17d. inferior gluteal
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L5-S2
gluteus maximus |
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17e. sciatic nerve
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L4-S3
posterior thigh, leg, and foot hip extension and knee flexion branches @ knee: -posterior = common peroneal - dorsiflex ankle -anterior = tibial nerve - plantar flexion |
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18. Describe the arterial supply to the lower limb, origins, branches and areas of responsibility.
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Aorta
descending abd aorta common iliac -internal -external ---- inguinal ligament ---- (name change) femoral artery -profunda femoral ---- adductor hiatus ---- (still femoral artery) ---- posterior knee ---- (name change) popliteal -genicular arteries -posterior tibial --perineal (lateral leg) ---lateral plantar ---medial plantar (plantar arch) -anterior tibial --artery of dorsal pedis ---acuate arch -> metatarsal and distal branches |
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19. Describe the venous return of the lower limb; include deep and superficial veins.
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deep - follows arteries, names same as arteries. venae comitantes
superficial - just under skin -great saphenous from dorsal foot, medial leg/thigh empties into femoral @ proximal knee used when exercising -lesser saphenous - from dorsal foot and lateral leg empties into popliteal @ knee used when standing; failures -> varicose veins |
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20. Describe collateral circulation and anastomoses.
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anastamoses = where 2 blood vessels join: A-A; A-V; or V-V
collateral circulation = anastamoses are along primary artery -backup to ensure oxygen can reach distal limb -in limbs, usually functional (unlike brain) |
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21. Describe the three muscular components of the thigh, attachments, actions and nerve supply.
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anterior = propulsion:
-iliopsoas -quadraceps femorus (3 vasti + rectus femorus) -sartorious posterior = control momentum and limit hip flexion -hamstrings (semimembranosis + semitendenosis + biceps femoris) medial = hip stabilizers, adductors of hip, medial rotation, hip flexor -pectinious -adductor longus -adductor brevis -adductor magnus -gracilis |
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21a. iliopsoas
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rim of pelvis -> greater trocanter
femoral nerve primary hip flexor |
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21b. quadraceps femoris
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lateral, medial, and intermediate vasti - femur across knee -> ischial tuberosity
rectus femorus - iliac spine across hip + tendon -> tibial tuberosity femoral nerve femoral artery and vein knee extensors |
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21c. sartorious
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anterior superior iliac spine -> medial proximal tibia
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21d. hamstrings
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semimembranosis + semitendinosis
ischial tuberosity across knee -> proximal tibia/fibula tibial portion of sciatic nerve hip extensors and knee flexors lateral biceps femoris - ischeal tuberosity -> fibula innervated by peroneal (short head) + tibial (long head) |
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21e. medial thigh
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pubic bone -> posterior femoral
innervated by obturator nerve -pectinious = obturator + femoral nerve -adductor longus -adductor brevis = sandwiched by ant and post obturator -adductor magnus adductor portion = obturator n hamstring portion = tibial sciatic n -gracilis |
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22. Describe the femoral triangle, its boundaries and contents.
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lateral = sartorious
medial = adductor longus floor = pectinious roof = fascia lata proximal = inguinal ligament distal = intersection of sartorious and adductor longus med-lat: femoral NAVL: nerve, artery, vein, lymph nodes open for trauma; easily damaged; larger opening in females -> hernia |
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23a. Articulations of the knee
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tibia - femur = uniaxial, extension and flexion
tibia - femur = uniaxial, rotate joint patellar - femur = nonaxial, gliding patella = protects quads tendon and knee joint, increases leverage of quads |
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23b. Menisci of the knee
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deepens socket of knee increasing stability
increases range of motion absorbs shock acartilagenous attached to tibial plateau -lateral = loosely attached, almost a complete circle -medial = firmly attached, more like a half moon shape |
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23c. Ligaments of the Knee
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1. ACL - ant tib -> med lateral femoral condyle
limit anterior movement of tibia and hyperextension 2. PCL - post tib -> lateral side of medial condyle limit posterior movement of tibia on femur 3. LCL - femur to head of fibula 4. MCL - tibia -> femur limits lateral abduction of leg attached to medial meniscus |
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24. Describe the joints of the ankle region.
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1. distal tibia and fibula
interossious membrane; slightly moveable non-synovial 2. true ankle joint = talocrural = medial + lateral collaterals + talus synovial hinge joint, flexion/ext, dorsi/plantar flex 3. talus + calcaneous = subtalar joint synovial, nonaxial gliding; eversion + inversion 4. transverse tarsal joint = calcaneous + cuboid & talus + navicular creates transverse line across foot - hindfoot and forefoot eversion and inversion |
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25. Describe the movements of the ankle/foot.
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flexion/extension
dorsi/plantar flexion eversion = pronation = sole turns out inversion = suponation = sole turns in |
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26. Describe the true ankle joint and its ligaments = talocrural
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medial malleolus + lateral malleolus + talus
medial collateral lig of ankle =deltoid ligament = tibia to navicular/talus /calcaneous = limit eversion lateral collateral of calcaneous = fibula to talus/calcaneous/back of talus = limit inversion ankle sprain = inversion - ant part of lateral collateral potts fractur = eversion injory - avulse - pull end of tibia off, then fibula end snaps off |
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26b. Ankle accessories
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retinacula - ankleband of deep fascia which holds tendons in place around ankle
extrinsics of foot - start in leg, end in foot, control ankle movement |
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27a. Describe the lateral muscular components of the leg, attachments, action and nerve supply.
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everters and plantar flexers
superficial perineal nerve 1. fibularis longus (to 5th metatarsal) 2. fibularis brevis (to 1st metatarsal) combined make up the lateral malleolus |
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27b. Describe the anterior muscular components of the leg, attachments, action and nerve supply.
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dorsiflexors
deep peroneal nerve 1. Tibialis anterior - to 1st metatarsal (most medial) 2. Extensor digitorum longus - middle and distal phalanges 2-5 3. Fibularis tertius - 5th metatarsal, almost part of extensor digitorum extensor hallucis longus - distal phalanx of digit 1 - extensor, dorsiflexor, inversion clinical: shin splints =anterior compartment syndrome: little room for muscle swelling/expansion -> presses on nerves |
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27c. Describe the superior posterior muscular components of the leg, attachments, action and nerve supply.
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plantar flexors
tibial nerve 1.gastronemius -> tendocalcaneous (medial and lateral heads) 2.soleus (flat) together = triceps syrae endurance muscles = slow twitch prevent dorsiflexion easily 3.plantaris - off femur to tuberosity of cacaneous proprioceptive for knee and ankle |
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27d. Describe the deep posterior muscular components of the leg, attachments, action and nerve supply.
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inverters and plantar flexors
tibial nerve 1. popliteus - stabilizes knee and prevents rotation run under medial malleolus: 2. flexor hallucis longus - to distal phalanx 3. flexor digitoru longus - digits 2-5, distal phalanx 4. tibialis posterior - to 1st metatarsal |
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28. Describe the arch of the foot, it’s skeletal, ligamentous, aponeurotic and muscular mechanisms.
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support weight
provide balance locomotion arches flex and provide spring motion, prevent collapse under weight -longitudinal arch -transverse arch tripod for weight bearing of talus (keystone) + phalanx 1 + phalanx 5 + calcaneous |
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28a. ligaments of the foot
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1. plantar = calcanearnavicular = spring
2. long plantar = calcaneal cuboid + metatarsals 2-5 = keeps calcaneous in place 3. short plantar = calcaneous + cuboid = deep to long plantar |
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28b. intrinsic muscles of the foot
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function = maintain arch when standing
movement helps maintain arch |
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28c. extrinsic muscles of the foot - dorsal
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small
deep peroneal 1. extensor digitorum brevis - digits 2-5 2. extensor hallucis brevis - digit 1 |
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28c. extrinsic muscles of the foot - plantar: medial and lateral
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lateral (lateral plantar n):
1. abductor digiti minimi 2. flexor digiti minimi brevis medical (medial plantar n): 3. abductor hallucis 4. flexor hallucis brevis |
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28c. extrinsic muscles of the foot - plantar: central
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1. flexor digitorum brevis
attached to plantar aponeurosis; most superficial 2a. flexor digitorum longus 2b. quadratus plantae straightens tendons, helps when anlke is already flexed lateral plantar nerve 3. adductor hallucis 4a. interossei - plantar and dorsal sets;/ fine digital movement 4b. lumbricals - worm like off tendon on longus on medial side |
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28e. aponeurotic of the foot
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plana aponerosis = deep fascia on sole of the foot
tough, thick calcaneous -> distal metatarsals at proximal phalanges 2-5 crosses metatarsal phalangeal joints clinical = plantar fascitis tightens and pulls down metatarsals into plantar flexion, exaggerates arch |
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29. Be able to interpret nerve injuries in the buttocks, thigh, leg and foot.
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ok
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