Anatomy Long Quiz 7

Front 1

What is mesenchyme of the head derived from?

Back 1

Paraxial mesoderm, which becomes segmented into somitomeres and somites

Lateral plate mesoderm

Neural crest ectomesenchyme

Thickenings of ectoderm, or ectodermal placodes

Front 2

What does the paraxial mesoderm form?

Back 2

Forms the posterior portions of the cranial base and cranial vault; skeletal muscles of the craniofacial region; dermis, other connective tissues, and the caudal meninges

Front 3

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

Back 3

Laryngeal cartilages

Other connective tissues of this region

Front 4

What do neural crest cells form?

Back 4

Form pharyngeal arch and facial skeletal and other connective tissues in the region

sensory ganglia of cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and X

Front 5

How many pharyngeal arches develop, and what do they develop as?

Back 5

6, but the 5th pair is rudimentary.

Develop as bars of mesenchyme separated externally by pharyngeal clefts and internally by pharyngeal pouches

Front 6

What does the first pharyngeal (mandibular) arch consist of?

Back 6

A maxillary process on each side, and a mandibular process. The arch joins the frontonasal prominence to form the face around the primitive oral cavity

Front 7

What is the first pharyngeal arch cartilage and what does it form?

Back 7

Is Meckel’s cartilage, around which the mandible forms intramembranously

Forms the malleus, incus, and anterior ligament of the malleus of the middle ear; and the sphenomandibular ligament

Front 8

What parts of the skull are formed from the first pharyngeal arch?

Back 8

Maxilla, premaxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous part of the temporal bone

Front 9

What muscles develop from the first pharyngeal arch?

Back 9

Muscles of mastication (masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid)

Mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric

Tensor veli palatini in the soft palate

Tensor tympani in the middle ear

Front 10

What is the nerve of the first pharyngeal arch and what does it innervate?

Back 10

Is the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Innervates muscles that develop from the first arch through its mandibular division (V3)

Provides sensory innervation to the face through its ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) divisions

Front 11

What is the cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch and what does it give rise to?

Back 11

Reichert’s cartilage,

Which gives rise to the stapes, styloid process of the temporal bone, stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horn and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone

Front 12

What muscles arise from the second pharyngeal arch?

Back 12

Muscles of facial expression, including the buccinator muscle

Stylohyoid and posterior belly of the digastric

Stapedius

Front 13

What is the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch and what does it do?

Back 13

Is the facial nerve (CN VII)

Innervates the muscles that develop from the second arch

Sends its chorda tympani branch to the first arch to carry taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 14

What does the cartilage of the third pharyngeal arch form?

Back 14

Cartilage forms the lower part of the body and greater horn of the hyoid bone

Front 15

What muscle arises from the third pharyngeal arch, and what innervates it?

Back 15

Gives rise to the stylopharyngeus muscle, which is innervated by the nerve of the third arch, the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Front 16

How are the laryngeal cartilages formed?

Back 16

The cartilaginous components of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches fuse to form the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

Front 17

What muscles arise from the 4th pharyngeal arch, and what are they innervated by?

Back 17

Gives rise to muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini) and pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)

Gives rise to the cricothyroid muscle of the larynx innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 18

What muscles arise from the 6th pharyngeal arch? And what are they innervated by?

Back 18

Gives rise to intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid) innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Front 19

How many pharyngeal pouches are there in humans?

Back 19

There are five pairs in humans, but the fifth pair is atypical and is considered part of the fourth

Front 20

What is another word for the first pharyngeal pouch?
What does is form?

Back 20

Is known as the tubotympanic recess and comes into contact with the epithelium of the first pharyngeal cleft (external auditory meatus)

Forms the primitive tympanic (middle ear) cavity and auditory (Eustachian) tube

Contributes to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Front 21

What does the second pharyngeal pouch form?
What does it persist as in adults?

Back 21

Palatine tonsil, persists as the tonsillar fossa

Front 22

What does the third pharyngeal pouch form?

Back 22

Inferior parathyroid glands and the thymus

Front 23

What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch form?

Back 23

Superior parathyroid glands

Ultimobranchial body, which gives rise to parafollicular cells of the thyroid which are responsible for secreting calcitonin

Front 24

What is the one adult structure that forms from the 4 pairs of pharyngeal clefts?

What space does the second pharyngeal cleft temporarily form?

Back 24

the external auditory meatus

The cervical sinus occurs when the second pharyngeal arch overgrows the third and fourth arches.

Front 25

Which cleft does the external auditory meatus develop from?

Back 25

1st

Front 26

What causes congenital deafness?

Back 26

If the meatal plug, which closes the external auditory meatus in the fetus from months 3-7, never degenerates

Front 27

What pharyngeal arches form the auricle?

Back 27

1st and 2nd

Front 28

The external ears ascend from what region during development?

Back 28

Lower neck

Front 29

What is a lateral cervical cyst?

Back 29

It is a remnant of the cervical sinus located laterally along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 30

What does the face develop from?

Back 30

From five facial primordia—the frontonasal prominence, two maxillary prominences, and two mandibular prominences

Beginning in the fourth week

Front 31

How is the intermaxillary segment formed and what does it develop into?

Back 31

The two medial nasal prominences merge to form the intermaxillary segment

It forms the Philtrum of the upper lip,Portion of the maxillary alveolar process carrying the four incisor teeth, Primary palate

Front 32

What is the premaxilla?

Back 32

the primary palate and the maxillary alveolar process (carrying incisor teeth)

Front 33

The medial nasal and maxillary prominences fuse to form what?

Back 33

the upper lip

Front 34

The primitive nasal cavity (nasal pit) initially is separated from the oral cavity by what?

Back 34

the oronasal membrane

Front 35

The oronasal membrane breaks down at the future site of the _______ to form the primitive ______

Back 35

incisive canals, choanae

Front 36

The lower lip is formed by the merging of what?

Back 36

Mandibular prominences

Front 37

The secondary palate is formed by the ___ ___ ___, outgrowths from the maxillary prominences that initially are vertically oriented on each side of the tongue

Back 37

lateral palatal shelves.

These reorient to a horizontal position above the tongue and fuse to form the secondary palate, completing the division of the nasal and oral cavities

Front 38

What is one mechanism of facial clefts in newborns?

Back 38

deficient neural crest migration and proliferation, possibly due to high doses of retinoic acid (Vit A)

Front 39

Cleft lip results from what?

Back 39

failure of the maxillary and medial nasal prominences to fuse

Front 40

The anterior 2/3 of the tongue mucosa develops from what?

Back 40

the first pharyngeal arches (when the lateral lingual swellings overgrow the tuberculum impar)

Front 41

What does the posterior 1/3 of the tongue mucosa develop from?

Back 41

The third pharyngeal arch,
(when it overgrows that of the second arches in the copula)

Front 42

What does the extreme posterior part of the tongue mucosa develop from?

Back 42

the epiglottic swelling of the fourth arch

Front 43

What nerve carries GSA fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Back 43

Mandibular Nerve (V3),

Remember that the anterior 2/3 of the tongue develops from the first pharyngeal arch and therefore is innervated by trigeminal (CNV)

Front 44

What nerve carries SVA (taste) fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Back 44

Chorda tympani, a branch of the second arch (CNVII)

Front 45

What nerve carries the SVA and GVA fibers from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 45

Glossopharyngeal (3rd pharyngeal arch).

In its extreme posterior part receives general and some taste sensation from the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (CN X)

Front 46

What do tongue muscles develop from, and what are they innervated by?

Back 46

Tongue muscles develop from myoblasts that migrate from occipital somites,
They are innervated by hypoglossal nerve

Front 47

what is anklyoglossia?

Back 47

"Tongue tie". It is insufficient tissue degeneration resulting in a short frenulum extending to the tip of the tongue

Front 48

Where does the thyroid gland begin development?

Back 48

The foramen cecum.

The thyroid gland begins as an endodermal proliferation at this site, found between the tuberculum impar and copula.

Front 49

How can you distinguish a thyroglossal cyst and a branchial cyst?

Back 49

Thyroglossal cyst, or aberrant thyroid tissue will be located in or near the midline, while branchial or lateral cervical cyst will be on the side of the neck, at the anterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid.

Front 50

If a pyramidal lobe is present, what muscle is it attached to?

Back 50

levator glandulae thyroideae

Front 51

The skull develops from what?

Back 51

Develops partly from paraxial mesoderm (posterior) and partly from neural crest cells (anterior)

Front 52

Development of the neurocranium involves what ? (2)

Back 52

Endochondrol ossification in the cranial base (chondrocranium),

Intramembranous ossification in the cranial vault (desmocranium)

Front 53

The chondrocranium anterior to the hypophyseal fossa develops from what?

Back 53

neural crest cells

Front 54

The chondrocranium posterior to the hypophyseal fossa develops from what?

Back 54

paraxial mesoderm

Front 55

What are the cartilages that participate in forming the chondrocranium?

Back 55

parachordal cartilage

hypophyseal cartilage

trabeculae cranii

ala orbitalis

ala temporalis

periotic capsule

Front 56

What is scaphocephaly?

Back 56

A form of craniosynostosis that occurs because the sagittal suture closed prematurely.

Results in a long, narrow skull with frontal and occipital bossing

Front 57

Trigonocephaly results from the premature fusion of what suture?

Back 57

metopic suture

Front 58

What is oxycephaly and what is it a result from?

Back 58

It is a "tower skull", with abnormally tall skull with a decrease in anteroposterior length. It results from bilateral coronal suture fusion

Front 59

Plagiocephaly occurs from...

Back 59

unilateral premature fusion of the coronal or lamboidal sutures

Front 60

What is occipital plagiocephaly?

Back 60

unilateral flattening of the occiput due to ipsilateral fusion of the lambdoid suture; the contralateral side of the occiput bulges;

Front 61

Define faciostenosis

Back 61

hypoplasia of the middle 1/3 of the facial skeleton, may be associated with the premature fusion of facial sutures;
They have difficulting breathing due to small sinuses and airways, difficulty eating due to malocclusion (mandibular teeth protrude anteriorly), and difficulty speaking/hearing due to a narrow high arched palate

Front 62

Define hyper/hypotelorism

Back 62

abnormally wide and narrow separation of the eyes

Front 63

What genes are linked to craniosynostosis?

Back 63

mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR2 and FGFR1)