Anatomy List #2

Front 1

hydrogen bond

Back 1

weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen

Front 2

DNA

Back 2

deoxyribonucleic acid, A+T, C+G, double helix

Front 3

RNA

Back 3

ribonucleic acid, A+U, C+G, single helix

Front 4

micrometers

Back 4

one millionth of a meter, 1x10^-6 of a meter

Front 5

tight junctions

Back 5

closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtually impermeable barrier to fluid

Front 6

desmosomes

Back 6

attachment between certain epithelial cells, especially those of stratified epithelium of the epidermis, which consists of local differentiations of opposing cell membranes

Front 7

glycoproteins

Back 7

protein attached to a sugar

Front 8

glycolipids

Back 8

fat molecule attached to a sugar

Front 9

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 9

has its own membrane within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell; involved in protein and lipid synthesis

Front 10

ribosomes

Back 10

non-membranous organelle that binds messenger RNA and transfers RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Front 11

golgi apparatus

Back 11

complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intercellular transport

Front 12

vesicle trafficking

Back 12

in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of important biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in body to specific "release" locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell, in the form of golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles

Front 13

mitochondira

Back 13

found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur; it has a double membrane, the inner layer being folded inward to form layers

Front 14

adenosine triphosphate

Back 14

adenosine molecule bonded to 3 phosphate groups, present in all living tissue; breakage of one phosphate linkage provides energy of physiological processes such as muscular contraction

Front 15

lysosomes

Back 15

cell organelle that is surrounded by a membrane, has an acidic interior, and contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down food molecules, especially proteins and other complex molecules

Front 16

centrioles

Back 16

organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division

Front 17

cilia

Back 17

occur in large numbers on the sufrace of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion

Front 18

cell nucleus

Back 18

membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction

Front 19

nucleolus

Back 19

a small, rounded body within a resting nucleus that contains RNA and proteins and is involved in the production of ribosomes

Front 20

chromatin

Back 20

macromolecule that compromises organisms other than bacteria (consists of protein, DNA, RNA)

Front 21

simple squamous epithelium

Back 21

singe layer of flat cells, permeable and occurs where small molecules pass quickly through membranes via filtration or diffusion

Front 22

dense fibrous connective tissue

Back 22

fibers as its main matrix elements mainly composed of type I collagen; found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

Front 23

fibrocartilage

Back 23

contains fibrous bundles of collagen; found in intervertebral disks in spinal cord

Front 24

cervical vertebrae

Back 24

seven cylindrical bones, or vertebra bodies (C1-C7), that provide support and structure for the cervical spine

Front 25

thoracic vertebrae

Back 25

each of the 12 bones of the backbone to which the ribs are attached

Front 26

acromion process

Back 26

process on the scapula, continuation of the scapular spine that hooks over anteriorly

Front 27

sacrum

Back 27

triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis

Front 28

calcaneus

Back 28

the large bone forming the heel; articulates with the cuboid bone of the foot an the talus bone of the ankle; achilles tendon is attached to it

Front 29

symphysis pubis

Back 29

uses fibrocartilage to join 2 regions of the pubis bone on the anterior side of the body

Front 30

xiphoid process

Back 30

cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, which is not attached to any ribs and gradually become rigid during adult life

Front 31

orbicularis oculi

Back 31

muscle that closes the eyelids; arises from nasal part of frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla, and from the anterior surface and borders the medial palpebral ligament

Front 32

gluteus maximus

Back 32

muscle with origin from the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the sacrotuberous ligament with the insertion to the iliotibial band of the broad fascia and gluteal ridge of the demur, with nerve supply from the inferior gluteal nerve, and whose actions extends the thigh

Front 33

gastrocnemius

Back 33

chief muscle of the calf of the leg, which flexes the knee and foot; runs from the achilles tendon from two heads attached to the femur

Front 34

rectus abdominis

Back 34

each of a pair of long flat muscle at the front of the abdomen, joining the sternum to the pubis and acting to bend the whole body forward or sideways

Front 35

trapezius

Back 35

superficial muscle, origin on the occipital bone, spines of cervical and thoracic vertebrae; insertions are clavicle, acromion process of the scapula, spine of scapula

Front 36

facilitated diffusion

Back 36

passive transport (no ATP required) and moves molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

Front 37

osmotic pressure

Back 37

pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the solution

Front 38

hypertonic

Back 38

cell shrinking, less water in cell than surrounding cell

Front 39

hypotonic

Back 39

cell bloating, more water in cell than surrounding cell

Front 40

active transport

Back 40

movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration (requires ATP)

Front 41

exocytosis

Back 41

active transport; contents of a cell vacuole are released from the cell by fusion of the vesicular membrane with the other cell membrane

Front 42

endocytosis

Back 42

active transport; cell transports molecules into the cell

Front 43

interphase

Back 43

cells growing between phases of mitosis

Front 44

cell differentiation

Back 44

process in which a cell becomes specialized (as opposed to going through mitosis and being a blastomere)

Front 45

oncogenes

Back 45

help control mitosis and keep cells from multiplying too rapidly