Anatomy Lecture - Test 1

Front 1

How many vertebrate are in each vetrebral section?

Back 1

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 3-5 coccyx

Front 2

how many spinal nerves are in each vertebral section?

Back 2

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 1 coccyx

Front 3

what is the superficial structure that associates with T3?

Back 3

scapular spine

Front 4

what is the superficial structure that associates with T7?

Back 4

inferior angle of scapula

Front 5

what is the superficial structure that associates with L4?

Back 5

iliac crest

Front 6

what is the superficial structure that associates with S2?

Back 6

posterior iliac spine

Front 7

how do kyphosis and lordosis differ?

Back 7

lordosis has added convexity in the lumbar region, and kyphosis has added concavity in the cervical region

Front 8

what two main parts do all vertebrate contain?

Back 8

vertebral body and vertebral arch

Front 9

what features are found only in cervical vert?

Back 9

transverse foramen, dens and bifid spinous process on C2

Front 10

what special feature is found on C6?

Back 10

carotid tubercle, pressure point to control blood flow in carotid aa.

Front 11

what shape is the body of thoracic vert?

Back 11

shaped like a heart

Front 12

what is the space that allows passage of the spinal N., roots, vessels and dorsal roots in the thoracic vert called?

Back 12

Intervertebral foramen

Front 13

what is the shape of the body of lumbar vert?

Back 13

shaped like a kidney

Front 14

what two processes are unique to the lumbar vert?

Back 14

mamillary and accessory processes

Front 15

what are the unique features of the sacrum?

Back 15

many foramen for spinal n. to exit

Front 16

where is the sacral hiatus located?

Back 16

directly beneath the median crest, and is the opening to the caudal space for anestesia

Front 17

what are the two structure in an intervertebral disk?

Back 17

nucleus pulposus (inside) and anulus fibrosus (outside sheath)

Front 18

what are the two vertebral joints in the neck?

Back 18

atlantooccipital (up-down movement) and cranio-cervical (b/t occipital condyle and C1)

Front 19

what artery and nerve pass through the atlanto-occipital membrane?

Back 19

vertebral aa. and suboccipital n.

Front 20

what is the joint b/t two vert that allows for pivot and rotation called?

Back 20

atlantoaxial joint

Front 21

where are uncinate processes formed and what frequently occurs there?

Back 21

formed in posterior cervical vert, likely to have bone spurs

Front 22

what two joints are found b/t spinour processes and what are their function?

Back 22

interpinous ligament and supraspinous ligament (farther dorsal), and both limit flexion

Front 23

what are the functions of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments?

Back 23

anterior-limits flexion, prevent hypertension
posterior-limits extension, prevent hyperflexion

Front 24

what is the order from super-inferior of spinal cord tissue (spinal meninges)?

Back 24

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, grey/white matter

Front 25

what is the best space for epdiural anesthesia injection and how deep does it go?

Back 25

L3-L4, above the dura mater

Front 26

what is the best space for a lumbar puncture injection and how deep does it go?

Back 26

L4-L5, into dura mater

Front 27

what nerve root would be compressed if the L4-L5 disk was herniated?

Back 27

L5, they compress the root below

Front 28

epidural space is important for what reason?

Back 28

easily spreads infection, disease along the spinal column to the brain

Front 29

what shape does the interarticulating space take, and what are the pieces?

Back 29

a dog,
1. ear is superior articular process
2. collar is pars interarticularis
3. leg is inferior articular process

Front 30

what are the 3 major types of neurons?

Back 30

Bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar

Front 31

what are the 3 main components of neurons?

Back 31

dendrite, cell body, axon

Front 32

what part of the neurons does an axon attach to?

Back 32

it can attach to all 3 parts

Front 33

what are the 3 connective tissues associated with nerves, from outside to inside?

Back 33

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Front 34

what are nerve bundles called?

Back 34

fascicles

Front 35

where are sensory neurons located?

Back 35

in the dorsal root of the spinal ganglia

Front 36

where are motor neurons located?

Back 36

in the ventral root of the spinal ganglia and the intermediolateral cell column

Front 37

at what vert. does the lateral branch of the dorsal primary rami start to branch out?

Back 37

below T7

Front 38

which nerve roots are found in major nerve plexuses?

Back 38

ventral primary rami only

Front 39

what are the major nerve plexuses of the body?

Back 39

cervical (C1-C5), brachial (C5-T1), lumbar (L1-L4), sacral (L4-S4)

Front 40

what are the features of the General Somatic Afferent (GSA) nerve modality?

Back 40

sensory input from body surface, tendons and joints

Front 41

what are the features of the General Somatic Efferent (GSE) nerve modality?

Back 41

motor output to skeletal muscle

Front 42

what are the features of the General Visceral Afferent (GVA) nerve modality?

Back 42

sensory input from viscera

Front 43

what are the features of the General Visceral Afferent (GVE) nerve modality?

Back 43

motor output to viscera, salivary glands, blood vessels, sweat glands

Front 44

what protiens are active in the implantation of the zygote into the uterine wall?

Back 44

L-selectins, Integrin, and Fibronectin

Front 45

what are the inner cell mass and outer cell mass called?

Back 45

inner= embryoblast
outer= trophoblast

Front 46

what two structures does the inner cell mass give rise to (the bilaminar germ disc)?

Back 46

hypoblast (primitive endoderm) and epiblast (3 germ layers)

Front 47

when does the primitive streak begin and what does it signal?

Back 47

appears in caudal epiblast and signals gastrulation

Front 48

gastrulation leads to the development of what germ disc?

Back 48

trilaminar disc, endo, meso, and ectodermal tissue

Front 49

what two areas of the germ disc does the mesoderm not enter?

Back 49

byccopharyngeal membrane (oral cavity opening) and cloacal membrane (anal membrane)

Front 50

what cells form the hollow notochord process, extending from the prechordal plate to the primitive streak?

Back 50

pernotochordal cells

Front 51

what mesodermal cells come from the primitive pit and are responsible for the induction of the forebrain?

Back 51

prechordal plate

Front 52

what layer is the notochord formed from?

Back 52

hypoblast

Front 53

what is the fate map of the mesoderm?

Back 53

Intraembryonic mesoderm is derived from the primitive node and primitive streak.
Prechordal Plate – from cranial portion of node.
Notochord – from cranial portion of node.
Paraxial mesoderm – from node and cranial portion of primitive streak.
Intermediate mesoderm – from mid primitive streak.
Lateral plate mesoderm – from caudal primitive streak.
Extraembryonic Mesoderm – from most caudal primitive streak.

Front 54

what part of the body expresses transcription factors that lead to head formation?

Back 54

Anterior Visceral Endoderm (AVE)

Front 55

what initiates and maintains primitive streak?

Back 55

nodal

Front 56

what two molecules ventralize mesoderm that contributes to kidneys, blood, and body wall mesoderm?

Back 56

Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 (BMP-4) and Fibroblastic Growth Factor (FGF)

Front 57

what 3 molecules are expressed in the primitive node that hinder BMP-4, which results in dorsalization of notochord?

Back 57

Noggin, Chordin, and Follistatin

Front 58

Hepatic nuclear Factor-3B (HNF-3B) maintains what?

Back 58

the primitive node for forebrain and midbrain differentiation

Front 59

what two molecules contribute to right-sidedness?

Back 59

FGF-8 and Lefty-1

Front 60

what two molecules contribute to left-sidedness?

Back 60

sonic hedgehog and snail

Front 61

what two components of the placenta arise from the trophoblast?

Back 61

syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast

Front 62

what will the syncytiotrophoblast become?

Back 62

endometrium and maternal blood vessels

Front 63

where will the extraembryonic mesoderm form?

Back 63

inner sufrace of the cytotrophoblast

Front 64

What is the Polyhydramnios malfunction of the amniotic sac?

Back 64

excess of amniotic fluid, leading to anenephalia, gastrointestinal atresia, and diabetes

Front 65

What is the Oligohydramnios malfunction of the amniotic sac?

Back 65

lack of amniotic fluid, renal atresia, hypoplasia, polycystic kidneys

Front 66

What is the function of the yolk sac?

Back 66

metabolism of nutrients, gives rise to the germ cells that populate gonads

Front 67

What is the function of the allantois?

Back 67

may induce formation of vitelline and umbilical vessels, persists as umbilical ligament in adults

Front 68

What are the steps of formation of the neural tube?

Back 68

1. begins at mid-line, goes both directions
2. cranial neuropore complete after 25 days, caudal 2 days later
3. neural tube detaches from ectoderm and sinks into mesoderm after completion

Front 69

What are the steps of molecular regulation of the neural tube?

Back 69

1. noggin, chordin, follistatin all inactivate BMP-4, allowing neuralization of ectoderm
2. WNT-3 and FGF allow induction of caucal neural plate to form hindbrain and spinal cord
3. Shh expressed from notochord induces ventralization and floor to form
4. BMP's upregulate PAX in dorsal and form roof

Front 70

What are the derivatives of the Forebrain?

Back 70

1. Forebrain (prosencephalon)--> telencephalon--> cerebral hemispheres
2. Forebrain (prosencephalon)--> diencephalon--> thalami

Front 71

What are the derivatives of the Midbrain?

Back 71

Midbrain (mesencephalon)--> mesencephalon--> midbrain

Front 72

What are the derivatives of the Hindbrain?

Back 72

1. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)--> metencephalon--> pons, cerbellum
2. Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)--> myelencephalon--> medulla oblongata

Front 73

Formation of derivatives in the caudal neural tube.

Back 73

1. Mantle layer becomes grey matter
2. Neuroepithelial cells give rise to astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and thicken walls
3. Microglial cells from mesoderm
4. Ependymal cells are from neuroepithelial cells, found in ventricles and spinal canal
5. Neuroblasts that become neurons and mylenated are called white matter

Front 74

What are the derivatives of the Mantle layer in the caudal neural tube?

Back 74

1. Basal Plate: ventral horn-motor
2. Alar Plate: dorsal horn-sensory
3. Roof and Floor Plate
4. Intermediolateral cell column: sympathetic ANS

Front 75

What are the derivatives of the Neural Crest in the caudal neural tube?

Back 75

1. dorsal root ganglia
2. schwann cells
3. sympathetic ganglia
4. melanocytes
5. head mesoderm
6. heart

Front 76

What are the derivatives of the Spinal Nerves in the caudal neural tube?

Back 76

1. Ventral Root: axons from neurons in basal plate
2. Dorsal Root: axons from neurons of spinal (sensory) ganglia

Front 77

Spina Bifida

Back 77

caused by vertebral rachischisis, incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube

Front 78

Arnold-Chiari malformation

Back 78

herniation of cerebellum due to tethering of cord in spina bifida cystica, a downward displacement of the medulla

Front 79

Cranium Bifida

Back 79

1. ossification defect of skull
2. neural tube defect characterized by sac-like protrusions of the brain and the membranes that cover it through openings in the skull, caused by failure of neural tube to close

Front 80

Exencephaly

Back 80

1. cranial neuropore remains open and brain is found outside of skull,
2. occurs along with anecephaly (no development of forebrain)

Front 81

Hydrocephalus

Back 81

caused by aqueductal stenosis, a large amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain

Front 82

Rhombomeres

Back 82

give rise to the motor nuclei of CN V, VI, VII, IX, X, and XII

Front 83

Ectodermal Placodes

Back 83

1. give rise to sensory ganglia along with neural crest
2. nasal and otic sensory
3. epibranchial, contributing to CN V, VII, IX, and X

Front 84

How are Somites formed and how many are found at each vertebral level?

Back 84

1. Somites are formed from somitomeres from occipital to caudal regions
2. 4 occipital, 8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, 8-10 Coccygeal

Front 85

What 2 tissues do somites differentiate into?

Back 85

1. Sclerotome: found in vertebral column
2. Dermomyotome:
a. Myotome: segmental musculature
b. Dermatome: segmental skin component

Front 86

What is the formation and function of the Neurocranium?

Back 86

1. Membranous Neurocranium: forms vault around brain, derived from neural crest and paraxial mesoderm
a. Primary ossification comes from mesenchyme and gives rise to flat bones of skull, which are seperated by wide fontanelles
2.Cartilaginous Neurocranium (chondrocranium):
a. body of sphenoid, ethmoid
b. Chordal Cranium: formed of paraxial mesoderm, forms base of occipital bone
c. Mesenchymal Condensation: lesser/greater wing of sphenoid, mastoid and temporal bone

Front 87

What is the formation and function of the Visceral Cranium?

Back 87

1. consists of bones of face and is formed from first 2 pharyngeal arches
a. 1st arch: dorsally forms maxilla, zygomatic bone, squamous temporal, malleus, and incus
1. ventrally is the mandible
b. 2nd arch: styloid process, upper hyoid, and stapes

Front 88

Malformations of the Neuro/Visceral Cranium?

Back 88

Cranioshcisis: anencephaly
Scaphocephaly: early closure of sagittal suture
Acrocephaly: early closure of coronal suture
Plagiocephaly: premature closure of coronal and lambdoid suture on one side

Front 89

Describe the formation of the Apical Ectoderm Ridge in limb bud formation?

Back 89

AER initial growth is induced by FGF-10 from lateral plate mesoderm
1. BMP's expressed from ventral ectoderm induce AER formation
2. continued growth of limb bud comes from FGF-4 and FGF-8 secreted by core mesenchyme and AER

Front 90

Describe the Craniocaudal development in limb bud formation?

Back 90

1. cells forming zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) produce retinoic acid (vitamin A), which initiates Shh
a. expression stronger signal in posterior causes 5th digit to develop, and weakest signal in anterior causes digit 1 to develop

b. AER cell death results in 5 elements that induce formation of digital rays

b. BMP-4 causes apoptosis in tissue separating fingers and toes

Front 91

Describe the Dorsoventral development in limb bud formation?

Back 91

1. Wnt7 is limited to dorsal ectoderm and is regulated by homobox LMX1

a. Wnt is blocked on ventral side, and if dorsal ectoderm is removed, dorsal side will ventralize (2 palms)

Front 92

Describe the Proximodistal development in limb bud formation?

Back 92

1. FGF-8 induces limb bud growth and FGF-4 maintains
a. HOXD genes 9-13 are responsible for regional differentiation of bones

Front 93

Describe the malformations that can occur during limb bud formation?

Back 93

1. Meromelai and Amelia: partial and complete absence of limb
2. Polydactyly: too many digits
3. Ectrodactyly: absence of one or more digits
4. Syndactyly: fusion of digits

Front 94

What are the steps to the formation of the vertebral column?

Back 94

1. sclerotomes of segmental somites surround notochord around 4th week
a. dorsal portion forms vertebral arches and ventral portions form vertebral bodies
2. the segmental sclerotomes split and reform in intersegmental vertebrate
3. mesenchyme b/t somites contain intersegmental aa.
4. mesenchyme remaining becomes intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus)
5. because of sclerotome resegmentation, spinal nerves exit b/t vert. and myotomes of the somites span the sclerotome, allowing the muscles to move the spine

Front 95

What is the formation of the epimere?

Back 95

1. Epimere gives rise to deep intrinsic extensor muscles of back
a. innervated by dorsal primary rami, epaxial
b. erector spinae and transversospinalis group

Front 96

What is the formation of the hypomere?

Back 96

1. Hypomere gives rise to lateral and ventral floor flexor muscles
a. innervated by ventral primary rami, hypaxial
b. Neck muscles: scalenes, geniohyoid, infrahyoid
c. Thoracic muscles: external intercostal, internal intercostal, innermost intercostal (transverse thoracic)
d. Abdominal muscles: external/internal oblique, transverse abdominal, rectus abdominis
e. Sacral/coccygeal muscles: pelvic diaphragm, external sphincter ani
f. Head muscles: extrinsic eye, tongue, pharyngeal arch
g. Limb muscles: flexors and adductors, extensors and abductors

Front 97

What are the deep fascial layers in the neck?

Back 97

Superficial Investing
Pretracheal: over trachea, attaches to thyroid cartilage
Carotid sheat
Prevertebral: covers scalenes and intrinsic muscles of spine

Front 98

What is Torticollis?

Back 98

result of an accessory nerve lesion, causes shortening or sternocleidomastoid

Front 99

What are the contents of the Posterior (lateral cervical) triangle of the neck?

Back 99

Nerves: Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
Cervical Plexus (C1-C5):
a. lesser occipital (C2)
b. great auricular (C2-C3)
c. transverse cervical (C2-C3)
d. supraclavicular (C3-C4)
Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
Phrenic Nerve (C3,4,5)
Dorsal Scapular (C5)
Long Thoracic (C5-7)
Suprascapular (C5-6)
Vessels:
Subclavian aa.
Occipital aa.
Transverse Cervical aa.
Suprascapular aa.
external jugular vein
Muscles:
Inferior omohyoid muscle
Subclavian vein

Front 100

What are the deep fascial layers in the neck?

Back 100

Superficial Investing
Pretracheal: over trachea, attaches to thyroid cartilage
Carotid sheat
Prevertebral: covers scalenes and intrinsic muscles of spine

Front 101

What are the contents of the Anterior triangle of the neck?

Back 101

Muscles:
Infrahyoid muscles

Front 102

What is Torticollis?

Back 102

result of an accessory nerve lesion, causes shortening or sternocleidomastoid

Front 103

What are the contents of the Submental triangle of the neck?

Back 103

Proximal anterior jugular vein, lymph nodes

Front 104

What are the contents of the Posterior (lateral cervical) triangle of the neck?

Back 104

Nerves: Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
Cervical Plexus (C1-C5):
a. lesser occipital (C2)
b. great auricular (C2-C3)
c. transverse cervical (C2-C3)
d. supraclavicular (C3-C4)
Brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
Phrenic Nerve (C3,4,5)
Dorsal Scapular (C5)
Long Thoracic (C5-7)
Suprascapular (C5-6)
Vessels:
Subclavian aa.
Occipital aa.
Transverse Cervical aa.
Suprascapular aa.
external jugular vein
Muscles:
Inferior omohyoid muscle
Subclavian vein

Front 105

What are the contents of the Submandibular triangle of the neck?

Back 105

Nerves:
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Mylohyoid (CN V)
Vessels:
Facial aa
Facial vein

Front 106

What are the contents of the Anterior triangle of the neck?

Back 106

Muscles:
Infrahyoid muscles

Front 107

What are the contents of the Muscular triangle of the neck?

Back 107

Muscles:
Superior Omohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles

Front 108

What are the contents of the Submental triangle of the neck?

Back 108

Proximal anterior jugular vein, lymph nodes

Front 109

What are the contents of the Carotid triangle of the neck?

Back 109

Nerves:
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
Vagus
Ansa Cervicalis
Vessels:
Facial aa.
Lingual aa.
Common Facial vein
Superior Thyroid aa.
Carotid body
Common Carotid aa

Front 110

What are the contents of the Submandibular triangle of the neck?

Back 110

Nerves:
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Mylohyoid (CN V)
Vessels:
Facial aa
Facial vein

Front 111

What are the contents of the Muscular triangle of the neck?

Back 111

Muscles:
Superior Omohyoid
Infrahyoid muscles

Front 112

What are the contents of the Carotid triangle of the neck?

Back 112

Nerves:
Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
Vagus
Ansa Cervicalis
Vessels:
Facial aa.
Lingual aa.
Common Facial vein
Superior Thyroid aa.
Carotid body
Common Carotid aa