Anatomy Lecture Notes 5

Front 1

Digestive Process

Back 1

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defacation

Front 2

Mesentary Functions

Back 2

hold organs in place
fat storage
route for circulatory vessels and nerves

Front 3

Ventral Mesentaries

Back 3

Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum

Front 4

Falciform ligament

Back 4

binds anterior of liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

Front 5

Lesser omentum

Back 5

run from liver to stomach and duodenum

Front 6

Dorsal Mesentaries

Back 6

Greater omentum
Mesentary (proper)
transverse mesocolon
sigmoid mesocolon

Front 7

Greater omentum

Back 7

connect greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall

Front 8

Mesentary (proper)

Back 8

fans interiorly from posterior abdominal to support jejunum and ileum

Front 9

Transverse mesocolon

Back 9

holds transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall

Front 10

Sigmoid mesocolon

Back 10

connect sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall

Front 11

Layers of Alimentary Canal Wall

Back 11

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

Front 12

Sublayers of Mucosa

Back 12

Lining epithelium
Lamina propia
Muscularis mucosae

Front 13

Lining epithelium function

Back 13

absorb nutrients
secrete mucus

Front 14

Lamina propia function and tissue type

Back 14

nourishes lining epithelium
absorb digested nutrients
areolar/reticular connective tissue

Front 15

Muscularis mucosae function

Back 15

smooth muscle that dislodges food particles embedded in mucosa

Front 16

Submucosa function and tissue type

Back 16

contain major blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers
connective tissue intermediate between loose areolar and dense irregular connective tissue

Front 17

Muscular externa description

Back 17

peristalsis
inner circular layer (squeeze) and outer longitudinal layer (shorten)

Front 18

Serosa tissue description

Back 18

aerolar connective tissue covered by single layer of squamous epithelial cells

Front 19

Divisions of mouth

Back 19

vestibule and oral cavity proper

Front 20

Vestibule

Back 20

slit between teeth and cheek/lips

Front 21

Red margin

Back 21

where lipstick applied
transition zone where skin meets oral mucosa

Front 22

Labia frenulum

Back 22

median fold that connects lip to gum

Front 23

Hard Palate function

Back 23

rigid surface against which tongue forces food during chewing

Front 24

Soft Palate function

Back 24

mobile flap that rises to close off nasopharynx during swallowing

Front 25

Palatoglossal arches

Back 25

anchor soft palate to tongue

Front 26

Palatopharyngeal arches

Back 26

anchor soft palate to oropharynx

Front 27

Tongue functions

Back 27

grip food and reposition between teeth
mix food with saliva and form into compact mass (bolus)
push bolus into pharynx
house tastebuds
formation of some consonants

Front 28

3 projections of mucosa on tongue

Back 28

filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
circumvallate papillae

Front 29

filiform papillae function

Back 29

give tongue roughness
provide friction

Front 30

fungiform papillae function

Back 30

contain tastebuds

Front 31

circumvallate papillae function

Back 31

contain taste buds

Front 32

lingual frenulum function and location

Back 32

secures tongue to floor of mouth
limits posterior movements
fold of mucosa on undersurface of tongue

Front 33

suculus terminalis

Back 33

groove that separates mouth and pharynx

Front 34

sets of teeth in humans

Back 34

primary dentition (20)
permanent teeth (32)

Front 35

types of teeth and function

Back 35

incisors- cut and nip
canines- tear or pierce
premolars/molars- grind or crush

Front 36

salivary gland functions

Back 36

moisten, dissolve, and bind food together (bolus)
digest starch
neutralize acids to prevent tooth decay
contain bacterial enzymes, antiviral substances, antibodies
contain proteins to help growth of beneficial bacteria

Front 37

what type of glands are salivary glands?

Back 37

compound tubuloalveolar

Front 38

intrinsic salivary glands

Back 38

scattered in mucosa
keeps mouth moist

Front 39

extrinsic salivary glands and types

Back 39

lie external to mouth but have ducts that open to mouth
parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Front 40

what type of epithelial cells line the oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Back 40

stratified squamous

Front 41

skeletal muscle layers of oropharynx and larygnopharynx

Back 41

inner longitudinal constrictors
outer pharyngeal constrictors

Front 42

esophagus

Back 42

muscular tube that joins laryngopharynx to stomach

Front 43

muscular changes of esophagus as go from superior to inferior

Back 43

superior- skeletal
inferior- smooth

Front 44

chyme

Back 44

liquid substance found in stomach that consist of partially digested food, water, HCl, and various digestive enzymes

Front 45

stomach function

Back 45

where food churned into chyme
protein digestion

Front 46

cardiac region of stomach

Back 46

where stomach joins with esophagus

Front 47

fundus region of stomach

Back 47

dome-shaped
inferior to diaphragm

Front 48

body region of stomach

Back 48

midportion of stomach

Front 49

pyloric region

Back 49

region continuous with small intestine

Front 50

rugae function

Back 50

distension

Front 51

duodenum function

Back 51

receive digestive enzymes from pancreas, bile from liver and gallbladder

Front 52

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Back 52

bulb where main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter wall of duodenum

Front 53

structural modifications of small intestine that amplify its absorptive surface

Back 53

circular folds
villi
microvilli

Front 54

circular folds function

Back 54

force chyme to spiral through small intestinal lumen, slowing its movement

Front 55

villi composition

Back 55

simple columnar epithelium
absorptive cells (enterocytes)
lacteals
blood vessels

Front 56

absorptive cell characteristics and function

Back 56

many mitochondria and ER
uptake digested nutrients
assemble newly absorbed lipid moleuxles into chylomicrons

Front 57

chylomicrons

Back 57

lipid-protein complexes that enter lacteal capillaries

Front 58

goblet cell function

Back 58

secrete mucus that lubricates chyme and forms protective barrier on intestinal wall

Front 59

enteroendocrine cells

Back 59

duodenum cells that secrete CCK and Secretin

Front 60

CCK

Back 60

signals gallbladder to release stored bile and pancreas to release digestive enzymes

Front 61

Secretin

Back 61

signals pancreatic ducts to secrete bicarbonate-rich juice to neutralize acidic chyme entering duodenum into villi

Front 62

intestinal crypts

Back 62

mucosa between villi that have epithelial cells that secrete intestinal juice that mix with chyme

Front 63

large intestine function

Back 63

absorb water and electrolytes

Front 64

colon function

Back 64

extract water and salt from feces

Front 65

3 features of large intestine

Back 65

teniae coli- strips on cecum and colon
haustra- puckered sacs
epiploic appendages- fat-filled pouches

Front 66

ileocecal valve

Back 66

sphincter muscle at small intestine (ileum) and large intestine junction
regulates flow of chyme

Front 67

liver digestive function

Back 67

produce bile to emulsify fat

Front 68

part of liver not covered by peritoneum?

Back 68

superior part

Front 69

four lobes of liver

Back 69

left, right, caudate, quadrate

Front 70

mesentary that separates right and left lobes of liver

Back 70

falciform ligament

Front 71

what enters the porta hepatis?

Back 71

hepatic portal veins (nutrient-rich blood from stomach and SI)
hepatic artery (oxygen-rich blood to liver)

Front 72

porta hepatis

Back 72

area near center of visceral surface where most major vessels and nerves enter and leave liver

Front 73

what exits the porta hepatis?

Back 73

hepatic ducts

Front 74

gallbladder function

Back 74

store bile

Front 75

pancreas function

Back 75

exocrine- acinar cells make, store, secrete pancreatic enzymes
endocrine- produce insulin and glucagon

Front 76

pancreatic duct function

Back 76

join pancreas to common bile duct

Front 77

kidney functions

Back 77

filter blood
regulate volume and chemical makeup of blood
produce urine

Front 78

3 main waste products

Back 78

urea
uric acid
creatine

Front 79

composition of urinary system

Back 79

kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra

Front 80

retroperitoneal

Back 80

behind parietal peritoneum

Front 81

renal hilus

Back 81

where renal blood vessels, lympathics, and nerves enter and leave kidney

Front 82

renal capsule definition and function

Back 82

dense connective tissue on kidney's surface
maintain shape
barrier to prevent infection

Front 83

supportive tissue layers surrounding kidney, from closest to kidney

Back 83

renal capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia
pararenal fat

Front 84

renal columns

Back 84

inward extensions of renal cortex
separate adjacent renal pyramids

Front 85

renal sinus

Back 85

space within medial part of kidney opening to exterior through renal hilus

Front 86

renal pelvis

Back 86

flat, funnel-shaped expansion of ureter

Front 87

uriniferous tubule composition

Back 87

nephron
collecting duct

Front 88

production of urine steps

Back 88

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

Front 89

renal corpuscle

Back 89

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Front 90

nephron function

Back 90

regulate concentration of water and solutes via filtering blood

Front 91

inner vs. outer layer of glomerulus

Back 91

inner- porous
outer- impermeable

Front 92

cell types of proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Back 92

simple cuboidal

Front 93

proximal vs. distal convoluted tubules

Back 93

proximal has more microvilli and mitochondria
both confined to renal cortex
both function in reabsorption (proximal- water, solutes; distal- water, ions)

Front 94

collecting duct fucntion

Back 94

recieve urine from nephrons
concentrates urine

Front 95

ADH function

Back 95

increase permeability of collecting tubules and distal tubules to water

Front 96

at apex of pyramid, adjacent collecting tubules join to form larger? which empty into?

Back 96

at apex of pyramid, adjacent collecting tubules join to form larger papillary ducts which empty into minor calices

Front 97

efferent arteriole

Back 97

carries concentrated blood away from glomerulus to peritubular capillaries

Front 98

3 layers of ureters and bladder

Back 98

mucosa
muscularis
adventitia

Front 99

mucosa layer of ureter

Back 99

transitional epithelium
lamina propia

Front 100

mucularis layer of ureter

Back 100

inner longitudinal layer
outer circular layer

Front 101

trigone

Back 101

triangular region on bladder outliend by openings for ureters and urethra
infections persist here

Front 102

muscular layer of bladder

Back 102

thick detrusor muscle of smooth muscle inner and outer layer with circular middle layer
contraction squeezes urine from bladder during urination

Front 103

adventitia layer of bladder

Back 103

fibrous connective tissue

Front 104

mucosa layer of bladder

Back 104

transitional epithelium, lamina propia

Front 105

ureter function

Back 105

propel urine from kidneys to bladder

Front 106

urethra function

Back 106

drain urine from bladder to out of body

Front 107

internal urethral sphincter

Back 107

involuntary
bladder-urethra junction

Front 108

external urethral sphincter

Back 108

voluntary
surround urethra as pass through urogenital diaphragm

Front 109

levator ani muscle

Back 109

voluntary urethral sphincter

Front 110

urinary sphincter function

Back 110

keep urethra closed when urine not being passed

Front 111

regions of male urethra

Back 111

prostatic
membranous- urogenital diaphrgam
spongy (penile)

Front 112

external urethral orifice

Back 112

where urethra opens to outside
in the spongy penile urethra of males

Front 113

Septum

Back 113

divides scrotum into right and left halves

Front 114

dartos muscle

Back 114

wrinkles scrotal skin

Front 115

cremaster muscles

Back 115

elevating testes

Front 116

tunica vaginalis

Back 116

encloses testes

Front 117

tunica albuginea

Back 117

fibrous capsule of testes deep to tunica vaginalis

Front 118

division of tubules inside testes

Back 118

seminiferous tubules--> tubulus rectus--> rete testis--> efferent ductules

Front 119

what tissue separates seminiferous tubules from each other

Back 119

areolar connective tissue

Front 120

spermatogenic cells

Back 120

sperm forming cells

Front 121

sustenacular cells

Back 121

columnar supporting cells in which spermatogenic cells are embedded

Front 122

spermatogenesis

Back 122

spermatocytes--> mitosis--> type A + Type B cells
primary spermatocytes--> meiosis I--> secondary spermatocytes--> meiosis 2--> spermatids
spermatids--> differentiate--> spermatozoa

Front 123

sustentacular cells divide seminiferous tubules into two components

Back 123

basal compartment
adluminal compartments

Front 124

ways sustentacular cells assist sperm production

Back 124

supply nutrients
move spermatogenic cells toward lumen
phagocytizes cytoplasm shed as spermatids become sperm
secrete testicular fluid
secrete androgen-binding proteins
secrete inhibin

Front 125

testicular fluid function

Back 125

push sperm through tubule, out of testes

Front 126

androgen-binding protein funciton

Back 126

concentrates testosterone near spermatogenic cells

Front 127

inhibin function

Back 127

slows rate of sperm production

Front 128

myoid cell function

Back 128

smooth-muscle like cell that help squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through tubules, out of testes
surround seminiferous tubules

Front 129

interstitial cells

Back 129

secrete androgens
in loose connective tissue between seminiferous tubules

Front 130

epididymus function

Back 130

where sperm mature

Front 131

pathway of sperm in epididymis

Back 131

efferenet ductules--> duct of epididymus

Front 132

ductus deferens function

Back 132

store and transport sperm during ejaculation

Front 133

layers of ductus deferens wall

Back 133

mucosa- pseudostratified epithelium + lamina propia
muscularis- peristaltic waves to propel sperm to urethra in ejaculation
adventitia

Front 134

tissue in lining epithelium of seminal vesicle

Back 134

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 135

external wall composition of seminal vesicle

Back 135

dense connective tissue
smooth muscle

Front 136

what is found in seminal vesicle secretion?

Back 136

fructose
prostaglandins
stuff that supress immune response against semen
stuff that enhance sperm motility
stuff that clot ejaculated sperm, then liquify it

Front 137

prostaglandins function

Back 137

stimulates uterine contractions to help move sperm through female reproductive tract

Front 138

three main gland classes of prostate glands

Back 138

main glands
submucosal glands
mucosal glands

Front 139

fibromuscular stroma

Back 139

mass of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle in prostate

Front 140

function of prostate secretion

Back 140

enhance sperm motility
enzymes clot and liquifey ejaculated semen

Front 141

prostate-specific antigen function

Back 141

liquifies semen
measure levels to screen for prostate cancer

Front 142

function of bulbourethral glands

Back 142

secrete mucus that neutralizes acidic urine in urethra and lubricates urethra to allow smooth passage

Front 143

3 parts of penis

Back 143

root
shaft
glans

Front 144

internal penis parts

Back 144

spongy urethra
erectile bodies