Anatomy Lecture Notes 4

Front 1

Blood Functions

Back 1

transport
regulate temperature

Front 2

composition of blood

Back 2

plasma
formed elements
fibers

Front 3

blood plasma proteins

Back 3

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

Front 4

function of formed elements

Back 4

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
nonspecific defense and immune system
hemostasis

Front 5

special structural characteristics that contributes to respiratory function of red blood cells

Back 5

biconcave shape
w/o organelles and water, are 97% hemoglobin
generate energy anaerobically

Front 6

diapedesis

Back 6

process of circulating leukocytes leaving capillaries

Front 7

granuloyctes

Back 7

neutrophils
eisonophils
basophils

Front 8

agranulocytes

Back 8

lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 9

neutrophil function

Back 9

phagocytize and destroy bacteria

Front 10

eisonophil function

Back 10

end allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens
end parasitic infections by releasing parasite-digesting enzymes

Front 11

basophil function

Back 11

secrete histamines (mediate inflammation) during allergic responses and parasitic infections

Front 12

lymphocyte function

Back 12

act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)

Front 13

monocyte function

Back 13

transform into macrophages to ingest foreign cells, molecules, debris

Front 14

Abundancy of each WBC

Back 14

Neutrophil (60%)
Eosinophil (1-4%)
Basophil (0.5%)
Lymphocyte (20-45%)
Monocyte (4-8%)

Front 15

Megakaryocytes

Back 15

platelets formed when break off from these

Front 16

Platelets Function

Back 16

blood clotting
vasoconstriction
inflammation

Front 17

Location of Red Marrow

Back 17

proximal epiphyses of humerus, femur, girdles, and axial skeleton

Front 18

Hematopoetic Stem Cell

Back 18

blood stem cell from which all white and red blood cells originate from

Front 19

2 types of progentor cells that hematopoetic stem cells dividce into

Back 19

lymphoid stem cells- lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells- other blood cells

Front 20

pericardium composition

Back 20

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
pericardial cavity

Front 21

serous pericardium divisions

Back 21

parietal layer
visceral layer

Front 22

pericardial cavity

Back 22

fluid-filled space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium

Front 23

pericardial cavity function

Back 23

contain fluid that reduces friction between beating heart and outer wall of pericardial sac

Front 24

layers of heart wall

Back 24

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Front 25

epicardium

Back 25

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Front 26

myocardium

Back 26

consists of cardiac muscle, circular and spiral patterns

Front 27

endocardium

Back 27

endothelium resting on connective tissue

Front 28

vessels returning blood to heart

Back 28

inferior and superior vena cava
left and right pulmonary veins

Front 29

veins conveying blood away from heart

Back 29

pulmonary trunk (left and right pulmonary arteries)
ascending aorta

Front 30

divisions of ascending aorta

Back 30

brachiocephalic
left common carotid
subclavian arteries

Front 31

trabeculae carnae

Back 31

irregular ridges of muscle that mark internal walls of ventricles

Front 32

papillary muscles

Back 32

project from walls into ventricular cavity
contract to tighten chordae tendinae to prevent inversion of bicuspid and tricuspid valves

Front 33

chordae tendinae

Back 33

attach to cusps of valves
connect papillary muscles to tricuspid and bicuspid valves in heart

Front 34

function of heart valves

Back 34

ensure unidirectional flow of blood through heart
open and close in response to differences in blood pressure on each side of valve

Front 35

atrioventricular valves

Back 35

tricuspid and bicuspid
prevent backflow of blood into atria during ventricular contraction

Front 36

semilunar valves

Back 36

pulmonary and aortic
prevent backflow from great arteries into ventricles

Front 37

tunica intima

Back 37

contain endothelium (simple squamous) that minimizes friction of blood
in vessels larger than 1mm in diameter, have subendothelial layer external to endothelium

Front 38

tunica media

Back 38

contain smooth muscles that sandwich sheets of elastin and collagen
involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Front 39

tunica externa

Back 39

outermost layer composed of connective tissue (elastic and collagen fibers)
protect vessel
stregnthen wall
anchor vessel to surrounding structures

Front 40

elastic arteries

Back 40

large lumen
withstands and dampens large blood pressure fluctuations

Front 41

muscular arteries

Back 41

deliver blood to body organs
thick tunica media with more smooth muscle, less elastic tissue
vasoconstriction

Front 42

arterioles

Back 42

control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction
tunica media contains one-two layers of smooth muscle cells

Front 43

capillaries

Back 43

single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane
pericytes surround periphery

Front 44

precapillary sphincters

Back 44

have smooth msucle that wrap around root of each true capillary
constrict of tissue inactive
dilate if tissue active

Front 45

endothelial cells in capillaries held together by

Back 45

desmosomes and gap junctions

Front 46

intercellular clefts

Back 46

gaps of unjoined membranes in capillaries

Front 47

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Back 47

areas with high rates of exchange of small molecules--small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys

Front 48

where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

Back 48

liver, bone marrow (need big holes for RBCs!), lymphoid tissue, endocrine glands
anywhere that needs big holes for large molecules to pass between blood and surrounding tissues

Front 49

venules

Back 49

simplest veins formed when capillary beds unite

Front 50

postcapillary venules

Back 50

smallest veins composed of endothelium and few pericytes
leak fluid and leukocytes during inflammatory response

Front 51

venules converge into

Back 51

veins

Front 52

function of veins

Back 52

blood reservoirs
thick tunica externa, thin tunica media (opposite of arteries)

Front 53

mechanisms that help blood move back to heart in veins

Back 53

large diameter lumens
valves

Front 54

vascular anastomies

Back 54

merging blood vessels

Front 55

arterial anastomies

Back 55

provide alternate pathways for blood to reach a given body region

Front 56

vasa vasorium

Back 56

tiny arteries, capillaries, veins that supply and drain walls of larger blood vessels
in tunica externa