Anatomy Lecture Final

Front 1

the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment

Back 1

homeostasis

Front 2

3 different substances that the kidney regulates the amount lost in the urine to maintain homeostasis

Back 2

water, hydrogen/bicarbonate ions, and electrolytes

Front 3

contraction of the muscular urinary bladder forces urine through the urethra, called

Back 3

micturition, urination

Front 4

collective term for the male and female sex cells

Back 4

gametes

Front 5

the reproductive systems of the male and female produce what two things

Back 5

gametes(sex cells) and sex hormones

Front 6

layers of fascia, tough connective tissue, and muscle enclosing the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics supplying the testes

Back 6

spermatic cords

Front 7

the two muscles that contract or relax to maintain the testes at a proper temperature

Back 7

dartos and cremaster

Front 8

the function of the testis "interstitial cells" or interstitial cells of Leydig

Back 8

produce sex hormones called androgens

Front 9

the tubes within the testes where sperm is produced is called

Back 9

seminiferous tubules

Front 10

three male accessory glands are

Back 10

seminal, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands

Front 11

waxy material produced in the prepuce which is an excellent nutrition source for bacteria, and infection

Back 11

smegma

Front 12

3D maze of vascular channels incompletely seperated by partitions of elastic tissue and smooth muscle fibers

Back 12

erectile tissue

Front 13

uterine tubes are also known as 2

Back 13

fallopian tubes, oviducts

Front 14

after ovulation, the remaining follicle cells turn into a yellow, progesterone secreting structure called

Back 14

corpus luteum

Front 15

how long does it take for an ovum (oocyte) to move from the infundibulum to the uterus

Back 15

3-4 days

Front 16

three layers of the uterine wall

Back 16

myometrium, endometrium, and perimetrium

Front 17

phase of menstruation, marked by the destruction of the uterine endometrium

Back 17

menses

Front 18

the phase of restoration of the uterine epithelium after menses

Back 18

proliferative phase

Front 19

phase of the menstrual cycle where endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate secretions. Arteries elongate and spiral through tissues of the functional layer

Back 19

secretory phase

Front 20

masses of erectile tissue that pass on either side of the vaginal entrance

Back 20

vestibular bulbs

Front 21

discharge secretions to the exposed surface of the vestibule (vagina)

Back 21

lesser vestibular glands

Front 22

during arousal, discharge secretions into the vestibule near the postlateral margins of the vaginal entrance

Back 22

greater vestibular glands

Front 23

glandular secretory cells that release hormones directly into the interstitial fluids, lymphoid sytem, and blood

Back 23

endocrine cells

Front 24

cells that respond to the presence of a particular hormone are called that hormones

Back 24

target cells

Front 25

the pituitary gland is also known as the

Back 25

hypophysis

Front 26

the anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe is also known as the

Back 26

adenohypophysis

Front 27

anterior pituitary hormones include 7

Back 27

thyroid stimulating, adrenocotropic, follicle stimulating, luteinizing, prolactine, growth, and melanocyte

Front 28

oxytocin is secreted by the

Back 28

posterior pituitary gland

Front 29

two effects of oxytocin

Back 29

contractions of uterus during labor, and stimulation of mammary glands to discharge milk

Front 30

ADH antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the

Back 30

posterior pituitary gland

Front 31

primary function of ADH is

Back 31

reduction of water lost in urine in the kidneys

Front 32

thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by the

Back 32

ant. pituitary gland

Front 33

adrenocorticotropic hormone is secreted by the

Back 33

ant. pituitary gland

Front 34

follicle stimulating hormone FSH is secreted by the

Back 34

ant. pituitary gland

Front 35

luteinizing hormone is secreted by the

Back 35

ant. pituitary gland

Front 36

prolactine is secreted by the

Back 36

ant. pituitary gland

Front 37

growth hormone is secreted by the

Back 37

ant. pituitary gland

Front 38

melanocyte is secreted by the

Back 38

ant. pituitary gland

Front 39

adipose tissue, kidneys, digestive tract, pancreatic islets, gonads, heart, pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and suprarenal all refer to what

Back 39

endocrine glands

Front 40

contains the nucleus and other organelles of the neuron

Back 40

cell body or soma

Front 41

80-90% of the surface area of a neuron are these, which receive info from other neurons

Back 41

dendrites

Front 42

conducts nerve impulse toward synaptic terminals, involving the flow of Na+(sodium) and K+(potassium) ions through plasma membrane channels

Back 42

axon

Front 43

at the end of axons, these are the point of communication with other cells

Back 43

synaptic terminals or terminal boutons

Front 44

three functional classifications of neurons are

Back 44

sensory neurons, motor neurons and interneurons

Front 45

neurons that deliver info to the CNS

Back 45

sensory neurons

Front 46

neurons that stimulates, or modifies the activity of, a peripheral tissue, organ, or organ system

Back 46

motor neuron

Front 47

situated between sensory neurons and motor neurons

Back 47

interneurons

Front 48

neuroglia that provide structural framework

Back 48

oligodendrocyte

Front 49

neuroglia which maintain blood-brain barrier, bind neurons and blood vessels together in the CNS

Back 49

astrocytes

Front 50

neuroglia which remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens

Back 50

microglia

Front 51

neuroglia which assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebral fluid

Back 51

ependymal cells

Front 52

specialized cell or cell process that monitors conditions in the body or external environment

Back 52

sensory receptors

Front 53

general senses include (6)

Back 53

temp, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

Front 54

special senses include (5)

Back 54

taste, smell, balance, hearing and vision

Front 55

a receptors ability to only identify a characteristic sensitivity is called

Back 55

receptor specificity

Front 56

a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus is called

Back 56

receptor adaptation

Front 57

receptor which detects changes in temperature

Back 57

thermoreceptor

Front 58

receptor which detects physical distortion, contact, or pressure on plasmalemma

Back 58

mechanorecptor

Front 59

receptor which detects pain- variety of stimuli associated with tissue damage

Back 59

nociceptor

Front 60

receptor which detects the chemical composition of bodily fluids, presence of specific molecules

Back 60

chemoreceptors

Front 61

stretch receptors which detect change in stretch of the organ walls, and pressure within an organ

Back 61

baroreceptors

Front 62

monitor body position- joints, tension in ligaments and tendons, muscular contraction

Back 62

proprioceptors

Front 63

specialized membranes that provide protection, stability, and shock absorbtion

Back 63

meninges

Front 64

the three layers that surround the spinal cord (meninges)

Back 64

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Front 65

compound nerve trunks, interwoven network of nerves

Back 65

nerve plexuses

Front 66

an immediate involuntary motor response to a specific stimuli

Back 66

reflex

Front 67

five steps in a simple reflex arc

Back 67

arrival of stimulus and activation of a receptor, relay of information to the CNS, information processing, activation of motor neuron, and response to a peripheral effector

Front 68

roughly how many neurons are contained within the brain

Back 68

20 billion

Front 69

what percentage of the bodys neural tissue is contained in the adult brain

Back 69

95%

Front 70

the cushioning and supportive fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord is called

Back 70

the cerebrospinal fluid

Front 71

the cerebrospinal fluid is formed from networks of leaky capillaries called

Back 71

choroid plexus

Front 72

the nervous system which regulates the bodies temp and coordinates cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive functions

Back 72

autonomic nervous systems

Front 73

two major subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 73

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 74

involuntary reflex when the internal urethral sphincter relaxes and the urinary bladder contracts

Back 74

mictuition reflex

Front 75

inability to control ones external urethral sphincter

Back 75

incontinence

Front 76

four functions of the kidney are

Back 76

eliminate organic waste from the blood
eliminate excess water to help regulate blood volume and blood pressure
eliminate excess electrolytes to help regulate electrolyte concentrations
eliminate hydrogen (acidic) ions OR eliminate bicarbonate ions (alkaline) to regulate blood pH

Front 77

the functional unit of the kidney

Back 77

nephron

Front 78

blood flow through the kidneys(nephrons) >renal artery>____>glomerulus>____>____> various veins> renal vein

Back 78

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries(all around nephron)

Front 79

three steps of urine formation

Back 79

1.glomerular filtration-passive leakage, filtrate 45 gal/day, 1/5 of plasma, nutrients, org wastes, electro, H2O, ions
2.tubular reabsorbtion- active transport from filtrate to blood in peritubular capillaries, carrier proteins in nephron cells
3.tubular secretion- active transport from blood in peritubular capillaries to filtrate in nephrons, adds more to filtrate

Front 80

the tough exterior covering the testis for protection

Back 80

albuginea

Front 81

the location of spermatogenesis- production of spermatozoa

Back 81

seminiferous tubules

Front 82

series of different steps through different cell types, from the margin of the semififerous tubule toward the lumen at the center- the production of spermatozoa

Back 82

spermatogenesis

Front 83

at the margin of the semififerous tubule has two sets of chromosomes, diploid. this cell divides

Back 83

spermatogonium

Front 84

cells going through a meiotic cell division that produce spermatids

Back 84

spermatocytes

Front 85

have one set of chromosomes, haploid. produced by spermatocytes

Back 85

spermatids

Front 86

the unique structure of sperm cells develops by changes in the spermatid. this process is called _____-leads to flagellum, middle piece with mitochondria, head containing the nucleus and digestive enzymes packet called the acrosomal cap

Back 86

spermiogenesis

Front 87

spermatogenesis occurs among folds of large supportive cells called

Back 87

sertoli cells, or nurse cells

Front 88

spermatogonia divide to produce sperm and nurse cells secrete inhibin after this hormone is released by the hypothalamus

Back 88

FSH- follicle stimulating hormone

Front 89

which hormone provides feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland that indicates the amount of activity(sperm production) in the testis

Back 89

inhibin

Front 90

cells located outside of the seminiferous tubules which secrete testosterone

Back 90

interstitial cells of Leydig

Front 91

Leydig cells secrete testosterone when they are stimulated by this hormone

Back 91

LH luteinizing hormone- test. levels provide feedback to hypothalamus

Front 92

the muscle within the scrotum is the ____, and the muscle within the fascia of the spermatic cord is the ____

Back 92

dartos, cremaster

Front 93

final maturation of the sperm occurs in the

Back 93

epididimus

Front 94

mature sperm is stored in the

Back 94

vas deferens

Front 95

four key functions of seminal fluid

Back 95

fluid medium for transport of sperm to swim
alkaline to neutralize the acidic male & female environment
contains sugar for energy supply
contains a chemical enzyme which activates sperm to swim

Front 96

two types of erectile tissue within the penis which contain blood sinuses

Back 96

corpus spogiosum and corpus cavernosum

Front 97

loose network of connective tissue with a central medulla that contains blood vessels and an outer cortex that contains ovarian follicles

Back 97

ovary

Front 98

ovarian follicles have two functions

Back 98

oogenesis and secretion of female sex hormones

Front 99

production and development of an ova occurs in

Back 99

ovarian follicles

Front 100

the two hormones released by ovarian follicles are

Back 100

estrogen and progesterone

Front 101

the monthly cycle of females is known as the

Back 101

ovarian cycle

Front 102

the ovarian cycle is controlled by the hypothalamus releasing these two hormones

Back 102

FSH and LH regulating hormones

Front 103

there are approx. one million ____ ____ in each ovary at birth, and approx. 200,000 still remain at puberty.

Back 103

primordial follicles

Front 104

primordial follicles consist of one primary ____ surrounded by a thin layer of _____ ___

Back 104

oocyte, follicle cells

Front 105

around day 14, one follicle reaches maturity as a _____ or _____ follicle, while releasing high levels of estrogens

Back 105

Graafian or tertiary

Front 106

on day one of the ovarian cycle, the pituitary releases ___ into the blood which stimulates primordial follicles

Back 106

FSH

Front 107

FSH stimulates 20-50 primordial follicles to develop/grow larger. follicle cells increase in number and the oocyte enlarge- these growing follicles are called

Back 107

primary and secondary follicles

Front 108

during days 1-14, developing follicles release increasing amounts of ______ into the blood

Back 108

estrogen

Front 109

during days 14-28, high amounts of __ from the pituitary are released into the blood, which causes ______ of the oocyte

Back 109

LH, ovulation

Front 110

during ovulation, some follicles remain around the oocyte as the ____ ______

Back 110

corona radiata

Front 111

after ovulation, the corpus luteum secrete _____ and _______

Back 111

estrogen, progesterone

Front 112

around day 13-15 after ovulation, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease as the ____ ____ degenerates and eventually disappears

Back 112

corpus luteum

Front 113

around day 25-28, low hormone levels caused by degredation of the corpus luteum, cause what to happen

Back 113

hypothalamus increases FSH from the anterior pituitary to start day 1 of the next cycle

Front 114

first stage of menstrual cycle, involves the thickening of the endometrium stimulated by increasing levels of estrogen. Days 5-14

Back 114

proliferative phase

Front 115

second stage of the menstrual cycle, endometrium stays thickened because estrogen levels are still high: secretes sugars(stimulated by estrogen) in prep for a possible implantation, days 14-28

Back 115

secretory phase

Front 116

third stage of menstrual cycle- shedding of the endometrium due to low levels of estrogens and progesterone: days 1-5 of next cycle

Back 116

menses

Front 117

female secondary sex characteristics include (5)

Back 117

mammary gland development, fat deposistion in breasts, hips, and thighs, widened bony pelvis, axillary and pubic hair, behavioral characteristics

Front 118

sperm must digest through the ____ ____ before one sperm fertilizes

Back 118

corpora radiata

Front 119

fertilization triggers the completion of _____ so the oocyte becomes an ovum

Back 119

meiosis

Front 120

after fertilization, the growing embryo produces ___ which is the chemical tested for in pregnancy tests

Back 120

HCG human chorionic gonadotropin

Front 121

HCG triggers the ____ ____ to stay active which causes estrogen and progesterone levels to remain high

Back 121

corpus luteum

Front 122

fertilization must occur within ___ of ovulation, in the top region of the fallopian tube

Back 122

24 hrs

Front 123

simple coumnar epithelium over lots of loose areolar ct filled with blood vessels. Builds and sheds in the menstrual cycle

Back 123

endometrium

Front 124

the muscular portion of the uterine wall for expelling the baby during labor. also active in menstrual cramps to shed the endometrium during menses

Back 124

myometrium

Front 125

the visceral peritoneum over the outer surface of the uterus

Back 125

perimetrium

Front 126

a space which produces mucus that varies during the menstrual cycle; acidic and thick, or thin and alkaline and sugary during ovulation

Back 126

cervical canal

Front 127

the vagina is a muscular canal lined with

Back 127

stratisfied squamous epithelium

Front 128

the vagina is moistened by what process

Back 128

interstitial fluid crossing the epithelium, there are no glands

Front 129

the vaginal vestibule is moistened by 2

Back 129

paraurethral and lesser vestibular glands

Front 130

another name for the greater vestibular glands is

Back 130

Barthlins glands

Front 131

sexual arousal in females leads to 4

Back 131

greater vestibular glands secretions, increased mucus from cervical canal, increased blood flow to vaginal wall>increased interstitial fluid crossing over epithelium, blood retention in the clitoris and vestibular bulbs

Front 132

the pituitary is sometimes called the ___ ____ ____

Back 132

master endocrine gland

Front 133

the posterior pituitary is also known as the

Back 133

neurohypophysis

Front 134

the posterior pituitary is really just an extension of

Back 134

the hypothalamus neurons

Front 135

there are over #_____ neurons in the nervous system

Back 135

100 billion

Front 136

carries action potential from a sensory receptor to the brain or spinal cord

Back 136

sensory neuron

Front 137

cells that respond to nerve impulses with an action(all muscle and gland cells), touch sensations conducted to the cerebral cortex, conscious movement conducted from cerebral cortex to skeletal muscle

Back 137

effectors

Front 138

three types of synapses

Back 138

neural synapse=released neurotransmitter affects another neuron
neuromuscular synapse=released " affects a muscle cell
neuroglandular synapse=released " affects a gland cell

Front 139

most sensory neurons are this type, the cell body is off the side of the axon near the terminal boutons

Back 139

unipolar neurons

Front 140

most common type of neuron, motor neurons and most interneurons within the brain are this type, cell body is associated with dendrites

Back 140

multipolar neurons

Front 141

cells that support, protect and help the functioning of neurons

Back 141

neuroglia

Front 142

enclose the axons of neurons outside the brain and spinal cord, provide support and protection around the delicate axons

Back 142

Schwann cells

Front 143

the gaps between Schwann cells are known as

Back 143

nodes of Ranvier

Front 144

simple coverings around axons are called ____, and series of wraps filled with fatty myelin are called ____

Back 144

unmyelinated, and myelinated

Front 145

a myelinated axon ____ the speed of nerve impulses along the neuron

Back 145

increases

Front 146

form a myelin sheath around axons of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Back 146

oligodendrites, same as Schwann cells except for they are in the brain and spinal cord

Front 147

areas in the CNS where there are axons myelinated by oligodendrocytes

Back 147

white matter

Front 148

various neurons located outside of the brain and spinal cord, carry nerve impulses to or from the CNS

Back 148

peripheral nervous system

Front 149

controls simple reflexes(pain whtdrawal), to complicated reflexes(breathing, heart rate). Controls actions, memories and thoughts

Back 149

CNS

Front 150

sensory neurons are also called

Back 150

afferent neurons

Front 151

motor neurons are also called

Back 151

efferent neurons

Front 152

two subdivisions of motor neurons are

Back 152

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Front 153

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 153

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

Front 154

(nervous sytem) motor neurons to skeletal muscle, under vountary control, always one multipolar neuron from the CNS to the effector

Back 154

somatic nervous system

Front 155

(nervous system) motor neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, involuntary control, always two multipolar neurons from the CNS to the effector

Back 155

autonomic nervous system

Front 156

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glands are generally innervated by two kinds of autonomic neuron pathways- one speed it up and the other slows it down. this is called ____ ______

Back 156

dual innervation

Front 157

impulses in neurons of this division cause rest and digest activities

Back 157

parasympathetic division

Front 158

impulses in neurons of this division cause the fight or flight acivities

Back 158

sympathetic division

Front 159

postganglionic neurons release acetycholine as their synapse neurotransmitter, preganglionic neurons connect to the CNS through the cranial and sacral spinal nerves

Back 159

parasympathetic division

Front 160

postganglionic neurons typically release norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter, preganglionic neurons connect to the CNS through thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

Back 160

sympathetic division