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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Efferent Process
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axon
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Afferent process
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dentrites
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Somatic nerves
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Pass to or from somatic tissues - skeletal muscle, skin, and their derivatives
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Visceral Nerves
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Pass to or from viscera - involuntary muscles and glands
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Afferent
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Nerves carrying information from tissues TO the CNS
Sensory neurons |
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Efferent
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Nerves carrying information AWAY from the CNS to effectors
Motor neurons |
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somatic sensory
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fibers carry impulses from cutaneous and proprioceptive receptors
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visceral sensory
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fibers carry impulses from the viscera
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visceral motor
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fibers carry impulses to smooth and cardiac muscle, and to glands. The parts of the PNS that control the visceral activity are called the autonomic nervous system
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autonomic nervous system
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parts of the PNS that control the visceral activity are called the autonomic nervous system
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somatic motor
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fibers carry impulses to myotomal muscle.
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Order of spinal cord organization from dorsal to ventral.
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1. Somatic sensory
2. Visceral sensory 3. Visceral motor 4. Somatic motor |
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What is the rate of conduction of impulses in mammal?
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1-120 m/sec
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What are the 5 types of Neuroglia and their functions?
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1. Microglia - engulf foreign material and bacteria
2. Astrocytes - conduction of nutrietns between blood capillaries and neurons 3. Ependymal cells - line the central canal of the brain and spinal chord 4. Oligodendroglia - myelination of the axons in CNS 5. Schwann cells - myelination of axons in PNS |
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What is the function of neuroglial cells?
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they support , nourish, and insulate neurons; cells do not transmit impulses; Bind together nervous tissue and can be specialized
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What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?
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the neuron
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What is a nerve tract?
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a collection of nerve fibers traveling together in the Central Nervous system
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What is the difference between a nerve tract and a nerve?
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both are collections of nerve fibers traveling together
Nerve tract is in CNS Nerve is in PNS |
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What do you call a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS? PNS?
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CNS - Nucleus
PNS - Ganglion |
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What do you call the indentations between adjacent neuroglial cells in the myelin sheath?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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What do you call the branch of neurons?
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Ramus
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Metamerism
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segmentation; a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure that derive from the interactions of mesoderm and ectoderm
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Sympathetic chain of ganglion
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paired series of linked ganglia runs adjacent & parallel to the spinal cord and attached to each spinal nerve through the ramus communicans; needed for coordination
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Graded potential
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a wave of electrical excitation proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus that triggers it; declines in magnitude as it travels along a nerve fiber; usually in dendrites and perikaryon
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Action potential
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an all-or-nothing phenomenon; propagates w/out decrement along nerve fiber; long distance; usually on axon
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Neurosecretory cells
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specialized neurons; that release secretions at the ends of their axons, and these are delivered into a blood capillary & transported to target tissue; endocrine in function
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Dorsal root ganglion
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a swelling in the dorsal root of the spinal chord, is a collection of neuron bodies whose axons contribute to the spinal nerve
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What are the 3 types of ganglia in the autonomic nervous system?
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1. Sympathetic chain ganglia
2. Collateral ganglia - other peripheral ganglia such as paired cervical, & coeliac & mesenteric (intestine aspects of the abdominal cavity) 3. visceral ganglia - occur w/in walls of visceral effector organs |
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What are the two sources of peripheral nerves in spinal cord during embryonic development?
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1. Nearons that differentiate w/in spinal cord; Axonal processes sprout from neurons & grow out to ganglia or effectors (ventral roots)
2. Neural crest cells; some cells migrate from primordial ganglion cells. Cellss that remain send processes back to neural tube & out to both somatic and visceral tissues (dorsal roots) |
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What are 3 difference between early vertebrate and more modern vertebrate spinal nerves?
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1. dorsal & ventral roots did not unite
2. dorsal roots were mixed (contained both sensory & motor fibers) 3. no dorsal root ganglion (dorsal nerve ganglions instead) |
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Nerve plexus
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network of intersecting nerves; except for the ventral rami of Th2-Th11 nerves, they combine sets of ventral rami of spinal nerves that serve same area of body into one large grouped nerve
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Brachial plexus
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an arrangement of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical & first thoracic nerve roots (C5-T1). It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region), and into the arm
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Lumbrosacral plexus
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plexus leading to back formed by anterior divisions of lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, and coccygeal nerve; first lumbar nerve frequently joined by a branch fromthe 12th thoracic
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What is the difference between somatic and visceral reflex arcs?
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Somatic arc has sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
Visceral arc has sensory neuron, interneuron, and two motor neurons (preganglionic & postganglionic) |
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Primary 10 cranial nerves are found in what vertebrates? Cranial nerve 0? Cranial nerves XI & XII?
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primary 10 = all vertebrates
cranial nerve 10 = all gnathostomes except birds cranial nerve XI & XII = amniotes |
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What are the two additional cranial nerves found in amniotes? name and number
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XI - spinal accessory
XII - hypoglossal |
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What are the two sources of cranial muscles? what type of nerves innervate them?
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- Hypobranchial muscle from myotome of somites; spinal nerves
- Branchiomeric muscles from somitomeres; cranial nerves |
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What cranial nerve is associated with Hypobranchial muscluature derivatives?
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Cranial Nerve XII - Hypoglossal
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What organs receive only sympathetic innervation?
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adrenal gland, peripheral blood vessels, and sweat glands
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what is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
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fluid forms a cushion of fluid around the brain & spinal cord to support the delicate nervous tissues & absorb shock from concussions
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What is a spinal tap?
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procedure done when a trauma to CNS is suspected; looks at cerebrospinal fluid sample, if there are red blood cells, then the brain or spinal cord may be damaged
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What connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres in etherian mammals?
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Corpus Callosum
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What kind of vertebrates have everted hemispheres of the cortex?
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Actinopterygians (ray finned fishes)
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What parts of the CNS make up the limbic system?
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Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum, and cingulate gyrus
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What is the function of the limbic system?
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receives stimulus from the cortex and affects the ANS as a "visceral brain"; hunger, reactions to threats, alertness
also regulates the expression of emotions also spacial and short term memory |
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What is the purpose of the cerebellum?
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mediation of balance and orientation
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When visual information constitutes a large part of the brain's sensory input in fish, what part of the brain is enlarges?
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Tectum
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What are the 3 functions of the medulla oblongata?
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1. houses primary nuclei of cranial nerves
2. route for spinal pathways 3. centers for auditory & visceral reflexes & central pattern generators (respiration, heartbeat, & peristalsis) |
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What are the two primary functions of the cerebellum?
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1. maintaining equilibrium
2. coordinating skeletal muscle activity |
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What is the result of injury to Broca's area?
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understanding of language but impaired speech
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What is the function of the choroid plexus?
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Produces cerebral spinal fluid
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What two organs are located in the epithalamus?
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pineal organ (epiphysis)
parapineal organ (parietal eye) (also choroid plexus) |
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What are the 2 main functions of the thalamus?
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1. major afferent sensory impulse input coordinating center (integration of sensory impulses)
2. relays input signals from spinal cord, hind brain, and midbrain to the cerebral cortex |
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All afferent sensory impulses go through the thalamus except what?
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olfactory tracts --> transmit directly to the cerebral cortex
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What are the structures found in the diencephalon?
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1. Epiphysis
2. Thalamus 3. Optic Chiasm 4. Hypothalamus & mammilary bodies 5. Neurohypophysis ( posterior lobe of pituitary) 6. third ventricle |
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How are the cerebral cortexes of the platypus, opossum and many rodents different from other mammals?
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they have smooth cerebral cortexes
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What two emotions are associated with the amygdala?
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production of aggressiv ebehovior and fear
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Damage to what part of the brain causes loss of recent memory?
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Hippocampus (medial pallium)
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What is the result of damage to the cingulate gyrus?
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disruption of the ORDER of complex behaviors such as parental care
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