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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neuron |
a nerve cell consisting of a cell body , dendrites, and an axon Example- interneuron |
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efferent (motor) |
Convey information away from CNS to effectors like muscles and glands |
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Afferent |
Convey information periphery to CNS and use cranial or spinal nerves |
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interneuron |
neurons whose axons extend for only a short distance and contact nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; they comprise of the vast majority of neurons is the body. |
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Neuroglia |
cells of the nervous system that perform various supportive functions. |
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Types of neuroglia in the CNS (4) |
-astrocytes-produce blood-brain barrier -oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheats in CNS and provide framework -microglia-protect against avasion by phagocytosis -ependymal-where cerebral spinal fluid is made |
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Types of Neuroglia in the PNS (3) |
-Schwann Cell- produces myelin sheaths around axons in PNS -Satellite cells- play a role in ganglia, surround cell bodies in gangllia -Ganglia- mass of grey matter in PNS outside of CNS |
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tract |
a bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system |
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nerve |
a cord like bundle or neuronal axons and or dendrites and associated CT coursing together outside the CNS Example-cranial nerve |
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effector |
An organ of the body, either a muscle or a gland, that is innervated by somatic or autonomic motor neurons Example- muscle or glands |
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Resting Potential |
- created by using ion gradients and ion channels near outside and near the inside of the membrane - difference in concentration inside and outside the membrane Example - Ion channels |
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Presynaptic Neuron |
A neuron that propagates nerve impulses toward a synapsep |
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Postsynaptic Neuron |
The nerve cell that is activated by the release of a neurotransmitter from another neuron and carries nerve impulses away from the synapse |
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Neurotransmitter |
One of a variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron |
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Neurotransmitter examples |
Acetylcholine GABA Glycine Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Nitric oxide |
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Gray Matter |
Areas in the CNS and ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia; Nissal bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in gray matter. |
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White Matter |
Aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord |
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Ion Channels |
- create a transgradient membrane of ions - ion channels result to voltage change |
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Ligand- gated channels |
open channels by having a neurotransmitter attached to a receptor on the neurons membrane |
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Voltage Gated channel |
Open in result to voltage change |
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Mechanically gated channels |
open to some kind of disturbance such as pressure or touch , vibrations |
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Threshold (liminal) Stimulus |
means its a strong enough stimulus to initiate an action potential. |
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All or Nothing Principle |
you either have an action potential or you dont |
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Absolute Refactory Period |
During which the cell cannot generate another action potential no matter how strong the stimulus |
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Relative Refactory Period |
A second action potential can be initiated but only by a larger than normal stimulus |
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Conus Medullaris |
The tapered portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement Example-L1 and L2 |
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Epidural |
A space between the spinal dural matter and the vertebral canal, containing areolar CT and a plexus of veins example- epidural anesthesia |
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Subdural |
A space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater of the brain and spinal cord that contains a small amount of fluid. |
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Filum terminale |
Non-nervous fibrous tissue of the spinal cord that extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris to the coccyx. |
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Cauda Equina |
Nerves that extend beyond the Conus to go into the lungs -a tail like array of roots of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the spinal cord |
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Gyrus |
One of the folds of the cerebral cortex of the brain. Plural is gyri and also called a convolution example- the "speed bump" of the brain |
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Sulcus |
A groove or depression between parts, especially between the convolutions of the brain |
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Fissure |
A groove, fold, or slit that may be normal or abnormal |
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CSF |
A fluid produced by the ependymal cells that cover choroid plexuses in the ventricles of the brain; the fluid circulates in the ventricles, the central canal, and the subarachnoid space around the brain and the spinal cord. |
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Choroid plexus |
A network of capillaries located in the roof of each of the four ventricles of the brain; ependymal cells around choroid plexuses produce CSF. |
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Foramina of Luschka and Magendie |
either of two openings each of which is situated on one side of the fourth ventricle of the brain and communicates with the subarachnoid space
a passage through the midline of the roof of the fourth ventricle of the brain that gives passage to the cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles to the subarachnoid space |
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Arbor vitae |
The white matter tracts of the cerebellum, which have a tree like appearance when seen in mid-saggital section Example- white matter |
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Vermis |
The central constricted area of the cerebellum that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres |
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Substantia Nigra |
large and darkly pigmented
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Red Nucleus |
A cluster of cell bodies in the brain, occupying a large part of the tectum from which axons extend into the rubroreticular and robrospinal tracts helps control voluntary movements of the limbs. |
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Pyramids |
A pointed or cone shaped structure. one of the two roughly triangular shaped structures on the anterior aspect of the medulla oblongata composed of the largest motor tracts that run from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. A triangular structure in the renal medulla. |
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Corpora quadregemina |
two pairs of colliculi on the dorsal surface of the midbrain composed of white matter externally and gray matter within, the superior pair containing correlation centers for optic reflexes and the inferior pair containing correlation centers for auditory reflexes
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Sup and inf colliculi |
Inferior- are part of the auditory pathway, relaying impulses from the receptors for hearing in the inner ear of the brain.
-part of the subtle reflex Superior- serve as reflex centers for certain visual activities. responsible for reflexes that govern movements of the head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli. |
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Cerebral peduncles |
One of a pair of axon bundles located on the anterior surface of the midbrain, conducting nerve impulses between the bon sand the cerebral hemispheres |
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Reticular formation |
A network of small groups of neuronal cell bodies scattered among bundles of axons beginning in the medulla oblongata and extending superiorly through the central part of the brain stem. |
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Decussation of pyramids |
Crossing of 90% of the axons in the large motor tracts to opposite sides in the medullary pyramids |
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RAS |
A portion of the reticular formation that has many ascending connections with the cerebral cortex;when this area of the brain stem is active, nerve impulses pass to the thalamus and widespread areas of the cerebral cortex, resulting in generalized alertness or arousal from sleep. |
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Epithalamus |
Part of the diencephalon superior and posterior to the thalamus, comprising the pineal gland and associated structures |
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Pineal Gland |
A cone shaped gland located in the roof of the third ventricle that secretes melatonin. |
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Habenular nuclei |
involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses to odors such a a loved one's cologne or Mom's chocolate chip cookies baking in the oven.
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Sensory homunculus |
-distorted somatic sensory map of the body
-"little man" |
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Motor homunculus |
-the distorted muscle map of the body
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Association tracts |
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
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Commissural tracts |
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere.
-corpus callosum, anterior commisure, and posterior commisure |
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Projection tracts |
contain axons that conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS or from the lower parts of the CNS to the cerebrum.
-internal capsule |
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Limbic system |
A part of the forebrain,sometimes termed the visceral brain, concerned with various aspects of emotion and behavior; includes the limbic lobe, dentate gyrus, amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nucleus, olfactory bulbs, and bundles of myelinated axons. |
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Hemispheric lateralization |
two hemispheres share performance of many functions, each hemisphere also specializes in performing certain unique functions
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Alpha wave |
awaken state |
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Beta Wave |
sensory input and thinking
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Delta Wave |
sleep stage |
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Theta Wave |
emotional stress |
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Neurons -structure -function |
Structure- cell body, dendrites, and an axon, and axon terminals (telodendria) Function-respond to a stimulus and turn it into an action potential |
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Multi-polar neuron Structure function |
Structure- has a cell body, several short dendrites, and a single long axon. Function-(most common) ??? |
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Unipolar Neuron -structure -function |
Structure- have dendrites and one axon fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body. Function-often sensory neurons that send info for touch and stretch from limbs |
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Bipolar neuron Structure function |
Structure-have one main dendrite and one axon. found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory area (smell). Function-special sensed for sight, smell, and hearing, and balanced |
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CNS Structure Function |
Structure- Brain and spinal Cord Function-Processes many different kinds of incoming sensory information. Signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete. |
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PNS Structure Function |
Structure-bundles of nerve fibers throughout body Function- |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
Consists of Sensory Neurons that convey information to the CNS from autonomic sensory receptors, located primarily in visceral organs such as stomach and lungs. Consists of Motor Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands. -Involuntary |
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
Consists of sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS from somatic receptors in the head, body wall and limbs and from receptors for the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell. Consists of motor neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to Skeletal muscles only. -voluntary |
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Enteric Nervous System (ENS) |
Sensory neurons monitor chemical changes within the GI tract as well as stretching of the walls. Motor neurons govern contractions of the GI tract, secretions of GI tract organs,and activities of GI tract endocrine cells. -Involuntary |
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Ganglion Structure Function |
Structure-mass of grey matter in PNS outside the CNS Function-??/? |
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Synapse |
The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector |
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Myelinated Axon in PNS |
Schwann cells produce myelin sheaths around axon |
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Myelinated axon in the CNS |
oligodendrocytes mylenate axons |
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Meninges in CNS And PNS |
Three membranes covering the brain spinal cord called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
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Falx cerebri |
A fold of the dura mater extending deep into the longitudinal fissure between the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Falx cerebelli |
A small triangular process of the dura mater attached to the occipital bone in the posterior cranial fossa and projecting inward between the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Tentorium cerebelli |
A transverse shelf of dura mater that forms a partition between the occipital lobe of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum and that covers the cerebellum |
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Spinal cord |
-Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccyx -Dura, arachnoid, and pia mater -31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Reflex Arc |
The most basic conduction pathway through the nervous system , connecting receptor and an effector an consisting of a receptor, a sensory neuron, an integrating center in the CNS, a motor neuron, and an effector. |
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Forebrain |
Telencephalon-Cerebrum Diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
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Midbrain |
Mesencephalon -midbrain -aqueduct of midbrain |
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Hind Brain (Rhombencephalon) |
Metencephalon -pons and cerebrum -upper part of fourth ventricle Myelencephalon -medulla oblongata -lower part of fourth ventricle |
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Blood brain barrier (BBB) |
A barrier consisting of specialized brain capillaries and astrocytes that prevents the passage of materials from the blood to the cerebrospinal fluid and brain |
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Brainstem |
The portion of the brain immediately superior to the spinal cord, made up of the medulla, oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
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Medulla |
The inferior part of the brain stem -cardiovascular center --respiratory rhythmicity center -vomiting, coughing, and sneezing centers |
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Pons |
The part of the brain stem that forms a "bridge" between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, anterior to the cerebellum help control breathing . |
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Midbrain |
The part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon. AKA - mesencephalon reflex centers for certain visual and auditory reflexes,and also the startle reflex. |
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Cerebellum |
Structure- the part of the brain lying posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons Function- governs balance and coordinates skilled movements |
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Cerebellum - Lobes |
anterior and posterior lobe
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Cerebellum - Vermis |
the median part of the cerebellum, between the two lateral hemispheres.
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Cerebellum - Arbor vitae |
the white matter that looks like tree branches |
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Cerebrum |
The two hemispheres of the forebrain, making up the largest part of the brain |
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Cerebrum - lobes |
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe
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cerebrum - Brodmanns area |
the 47 different areas of the cerebral cortex that are associated with specific neurological functions and distinguished bydifferent cellular components. They control movements of the lips and vocal cords as well as motor speech. Compare motor area. See also cerebral cortex.
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Thalamus |
a large oval structure, locate bilaterally on either side of the third ventricle, consisting of two masses of grey matter organized into nuclei - relay center for sensory impulses ascending to cerebral cortex |
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Hypothalamus |
A portion of the diencephalon, lying beneath the thalamus and forming the floor and part of the wall of the third ventricle |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
damage to myelin on axons |
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babinski reflex |
flexion of toes |
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hydrocephalus |
water on the brain- over production of CSF |
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Parkinson's |
loss of dopamine neurons which help control subconscious muscle |